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Abstract Asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH) is defined as >{u2009}3 red blood cells/high-powered field in a properly collected urine sample. Rates of micro-hematuria using microscopy and dipstick analyses in over 80,000 individuals that participated in health screenings ranged from 2.4% to 31.1%, with higher rates in males over age 60 years and in men who are current or past smokers. The current American Urological Association (AUA) guidelines recommend a full urological work-up to diagnose or rule out genito-urinary malignancy in patients with AMH within 180 days; however several barriers to do a full urological work-up exist,for example, clinical diagnostic algorithms for patients with hematuria are complicated and difficult to follow. Invasive procedures, such as cystoscopy and contrast computed tomography (CT) scans, have the potential to impact these patients in terms of adverse events, financial cost and emotional impact |