الفهرس 
Hypertonic saline for goal-directed therapy guided by capstesia{u036D} {u036B} in gastrointestinal surgeries : A randomized controlled study
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Abstract
Hypertonic saline (HS) solutions restore the macro-and the micro-circulation by a combination of osmotic-induced plasma volume expansion, arteriolar vasodilation, and capillary endothelial shrinkage. Also, hypertonicity may ameliorate the detrimental consequences on the immune function of trauma, shock, reperfusion, and major surgery that may lead to organ dysfunction. The concept of intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) has been studied aiming to increase stroke volume and cardiac output, improve gut perfusion, decrease gut mucosal acidosis and complications. Goal directed therapy (GDT) utilizes several types of invasive and non-invasive monitoring techniques that influence the decisions to give intravenous fluids, start vasopressors, or initiate inotropes on a patient