الفهرس 
Anatomy of Retina
Diabetic RetinopathyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endemic disease which increasing worldwide, Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most serious complication that leading to Irreversible blindness (1). Diabetic retinopathy is recognized as a microvasculopathy, Retinal degeneration in diabetes mellitus might be caused not only by microvasculopathy but also by neuropathy which is very important (2), Research has shown that retinal neurodegeneration occurs in very early stages of the disease and it may precede microvascular changes (3) and it cause functional abnormalities such as loss of chromatic discrimination, dark adaptation and contrast sensitivity. Retinal neurodegeneration described as apoptosis of many retinal cells(photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, astrocytes) with reduction in thickness of different retinal layers in early stage of diabetic retinopathy or even when diabetic retinopathy cannot detected by routine ophthalmologic examination (4-7). Retinal ganglion cells are earlist affected cells which have the highest rate of apoptosis (8), also increased rate of apoptosis has been observed in the retinal pigmented epithilum (RPE) (9) and the outer retinal layer (photoreceptors) (10). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a noninvasive technique that has now become an important tool for accurate measurements of retinal thickness with high resolution and enhanced definition of the different retinal layers.