الفهرس 
ANATOMY OF THE QUADRATUS LUMBORUM MUSCLEOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
ANATOMY OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
The abdominal wall is a continuous cylindrical myofascial structure that
attaches to the thoracic cage superiorly, the pelvic girdle inferiorly, and the
vertebral column posteriorly. The anatomical relationship between the muscles
and fascial layers of the abdominal wall is complex. It is useful from both a
conceptual and practical standpoint to consider the anterolateral and posterior
sections of the abdominal wall separately.1
I- Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
The anterolateral abdominal wall extends between the posterior axillary
lines on either side (Fig. 1). The superior boundaries are the costal margin of the
7th to 10th ribs and xiphoid process of the sternum. The inferior boundaries are
the iliac crests, inguinal ligament, pubic crest, and symphysis pubis. From
superficial to deep, the layers of the abdominal wall are skin and subcutaneous
tissue, the abdominal muscles and associated aponeurosis, transversalis fascia,
extraperitoneal fat, and parietal peritoneum.1
The anterolateral abdominal wall has 3 flat muscles arranged in
concentric layers (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis) and
one paired vertical muscle in the midline; the rectus abdominis muscle
(RAM).1,2 A small number of individuals have a second small vertical midline
muscle; the pyramidalis. The 3 flat muscles taper off into aponeurosis as they
approach the midline. This aponeurosis forms the tendinous rectus sheath that
encases the rectus abdominis. They blend in the midline with the aponeurosis of
the other side to form the linea alba. The specifics of how the muscles and their
aponeurosis relate to each other, as well as the various points of reference on the
abdominal wall (e.g. midaxillary line, anterior axillary line and midclavicular
line), will determine the layers visible on ultrasonography at different
transducer locations.