الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes has been a major health problem all over the world. The short- and long-term complications of diabetes make it a major public health problem. Patients with diabetes have a higher prevalence of obesity (particularly abdominal obesity), hypertension, and lipid disorders, as well as an increased risk of macrovascular disease in coronary, peripheral, and cerebral arterial circulations, than people without diabetes.
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction represents the earliest preclinical manifestation of diabetic cardiomyopathy, preceding the systolic dysfunction, and it can progress to symptomatic heart failure. Diabetes causes cardiac structure and function changes without coronary atherosclerosis, hypertension, or other known cardiac diseases. However, the coexistence of myocardial ischemia, hypertension, and specific diabetic cardiomyopathy seems to be independent. However, it contributes to the biochemical, anatomic, and functional alterations in cardiac cells and tissues that impair cardiac function.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) often coexist. The prevalence of NAFLD is 59.67% in T2DM patients. This results in adverse outcomes, such as higher mortality rates due to cirrhosis. NAFLD includes a spectrum of pathological conditions ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of cardiovascular events in NAFLD are increased by 1.87-fold in the presence of T2DM. NAFLD has been associated with increased carotid intima media thickness, increased coronary artery calcium score, early left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, decreased myocardial perfusion, and reduced myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism in patients with T2DM.