الفهرس 
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Abstract
Results of this study revealed that the presence of second root is rare in mandibular premolars and there is considerable presence of second canal in both mandibular first and second premolars in the Egyptian population
The mandibular first premolar has usually one canal of type I followed by two canals of type V and small present of other two canals like type IV, type II, type III while the mandibular first premolar has mostly one canal type I with a small percent of two canals as type V only.
Very good agreement was found between different methods using Kappa test of agreement.
Within the limitations of this study, the following conclusions can be withdrawn;
• The root canal configurations of the mandibular first permanent premolar presented a wide diversity among Egyptian population, with the highest prevalence of types I and V.
• Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a useful and reliable method for examining the morphology of root canal structures and for discovering extra canals.