الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The most frequent cause of low back pain is lumbar disc degeneration, which requires both surgical and diagnostic intervention. There is no mechanism to distinguish intervertebral disc degeneration from the physiological processes of growth, ageing, healing, and adaptive remodeling, despite the fact that the etiology of intervertebral disc degeneration can be attributed to numerous factors.
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) describes loss of function of an intervertebral disc of the spine. Disc degeneration is often the effect of natural daily stresses, abnormal postures and minor injuries that cause intervertebral discs to gradually lose water as the annulus fibrosus weakens. Then, they begin to collapse. This can result in foraminal stenosis and roots compression.
Low back pain is the sign that degenerative disc disease is most present. Pain worsens following recent exertion and unusual spinal stress. Episodes might linger for a few days to several weeks before the pain momentarily subsides or returns to a low level.
For the proper diagnosis and care of individuals with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, a thorough history and physical examination are essential..