الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
The lack of access to safe drinking water is one of the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. Water is a blessing of Allah and it is a very precious resource on our planet where it is an established source of life. The amount of fresh water on the planet is constant, and yet the demand for this water is continually growing, thus leading to the inevitably increasing scarcity of clean drinking water worldwide.
Water resource are surface water (River Nile) and ground water (wells). The Nile is considered as the main source of freshwater in Egypt. Ground water is second sources of water worldwide (65% of it is used for drinking purposes, 20% for irrigation and livestock and 15% for industry).
This study aimed to assess the quality of water resources, its conducted to evaluate the quality of water at Qaluybia Governorate drinking water treatment plants for drinking purposes and use develop more safe methods for water treatment using biological treatment.
from this study, Surface water samples from (Benha and AL-Abadla), ground water from (Toukh and Qaha) Qaluybia Governorate were collected during June 2018 to April 2019, four seasons ( Summer 2018, Autumn 2018, Winter 2019, spring 2019).
Investigation on the physicochemical parameters and bacteriological examination of surface water and ground water.
Particularly, the results obtained during the analyses were compared with maximum permissible limit values recommended by international standards from the World Health Organization (WHO/2011) and the national Egyptian law (458 /2007).
The results can be summarized in the following points:
1-Temperature (° C) there are no set guidelines for drinking water temperature. In the present study, temperatures varied from 18 to 31 °C.
2-Turbidity (NTU) is the reflection of the total suspended matter. It ranged from 20 NTU in raw water at Benha station to 10.1 NTU at EL–Abdella stations. Whereas, after the treatment inside these station, ranged from (0.4 to 0.18 NTU). Terminal sources of ranged from (0.35 to 1.4 NTU). On the other hand, turbidity in raw wells ranged from 1.4 NTU at Toukh to 11.7 NTU at Qaha. Whereas, ranged from (0.43 to 1.2 NTU) after treatment inside these station, and at terminal sources of these wells ranged from (0.61 to 1.2 NTU).
3-pH: The hydrogen ion concentration (pH) is an important indicator of water quality and the extent of pollution. In the present research, pH ranged from7.3 - 8.5 in groundwater and in surface water from 7.3 -7.49.
4-The electrical conductivity (EC): It is the capacity of water to conduct electric current which ranged from 322 to 646 μs/cm in the Nile water resource. Also, in our research, the wells ranged from 1037 to 1781 μs/cm during year of study. The result of conductivity is increased in wells and decreased in Nile.
5-Total dissolved soilds: In our results, most of TDS value of water supply in different towns in Qaluybia Governorate was in the range of 216 to 852 mg/L,except Qaha station (ground water) was 1175 mg/l.
6-Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium concentration, both expressed as calcium carbonate, in milligrams per liter. Total hardness values in Nile (raw – after treatment – terminal) were ranged from (68 -170 mg/l).whereas in ground water resources ranged from 200 to 630 mg/l.
7- Calcium hardness value was the highest value 106 mg/L and the lowest value was 42 mg/L in water resources. But in the wells water resources was the highest value was 320 mg/L and the lowest value was 120 mg/L.
8-Magnesium hardness values in water (raw – after treatment –terminal) were ranged from (4 to 86 mg/l). On the other side, in raw wells ranged between (114 to 310 mg/l) and in water stations that take water from these wells (after treatment) ranged from (120 to 210 mg/l) and in terminal sources of these wells ranged from (80 to130 mg/l).
9-Chloride (Cl-) is a naturally occurring anion, in our analysis, the chloride concentration was in the range of 100 to 256 mg/L.
10-Alkalinity It is caused mainly due to OH, CO3, HCO3 ions. where total alkalinity values in raw and water stations after treatment were ranged from (124 to 164 mg/l) and (104 to148 mg/l), respectively. Also Total alkalinity values ranged from (129 to170 mg/l) in terminal sources of River Nile . On the other hand, Total alkalinity in raw wells (Toukh and Qaha) ranged from (300 to 570 mg/l), ranged from (258 to 501 mg/l) after treatment of these station and in terminal sources of these wells ranged from (210 to 441 mg/l).
11-Manganese from our result, found that water (raw - after treatment and terminal ) were almost zero. On the other hand, manganese in raw wells ranged from (0.48 to 0.70 mg/L) and in water stations take water from these wells from (0.40 to 0.58 mg/L) and in terminal sources of these wells ranged from (0.31 to 0.59 mg/L).
12-Iron In our research, showed the highest value was 0.3 mg/L and the lowest value was 0.08 mg/L in raw Nile. After treatment the iron value was ranged from 0.009 to 0.15 mg/L. The terminal, the high value was (0.25 mg/L) and the low value was (0.00 mg/L).
But, iron in raw wells ranged from (0.60 to 0.90 mg/L), after treatment (0.49 to 0.84 mg/L) and in terminal sources of these wells ranged from (0.45 to1.03 mg/L).
Bacteriological analysis
13-Total viable bacteria count (TVB) at 22°C was ranged from (8.1×103 to 5.3×106 cfu/ml) in raw, and after treatment inside the station (< 10 cfu/ ml). The terminal which take water from were ranged from (1.3×103 to 1.3×105 cfu/ ml). However, in raw wells the lowest value was 1.3×101 cfu/ ml and the highest value was 3.6×102 cfu/ ml at Toukh and Qaha. On the other hand, these station almost (< 10 cfu/ ml) after treatment. The terminal which take water from wells were ranged from (3.1×102 cfu/ ml to 4.9 ×104 cfu/ ml at two station).
14 - Total viable bacteria count (TVB) at 35°C was found to be ranged from (6.3×103 cfu/ ml to 7.8×106 cfu/ ml) in raw , and after treatment inside these station were (< 10 cfu/ ml). The terminal which take water from were ranged from (1.4×102 cfu/ ml to 5.9×105cfu/ ml). However, in raw wells were ranged from (1.1×101 cfu/ ml to 3.3×102 cfu/ ml). Also the two station almost (< 10cfu/ ml) after treatment, the terminal which take water from wells were ranged (2.0×102 cfu/ ml to 8.0× 104 cfu/ ml).
15 -Total coliform was ranged from (2.9×104 MPN/ml to 6.3×106 MPN/ml) in raw at Benha and AL-Abadla. After treatment inside these station were almost (< 3 MPN/ml). Whereas, the terminal which take water from were ranged from (< 3 MPN/ml to 3.3×104 MPN/ml).
However, the raw wells of Toukh and Qaha were below detectable level ( 3 MPN/g). The Total coliform value at two station were (< 3 MPN/ ml) after treatment. The terminal which take water from wells were ranged (2×101MPN/ml to 7.3× 103 MPN/ ml).
16 - Escherishia coli was ranged from (2.8×102 MPN/ml to 7.1×103 MPN/ml) in raw at Benha and AL-Abadla and their stations (after treatment) were below detectable level ( 3 MPN/ml). The terminal which take water from were ranged from ( 3MPN/ml to 5.2 ×102 MPN/ml). But at raw wells of Toukh and Qaha were below detectable level ( 3 MPN/ml). Also their station which treatment were below detectable level ( 3 MPN/ml), the terminal which take water from wells were ranged from (3MPN/ml to 3.1× 102 MPN/ml).
17 –Enterococcus fecal was found that the highest value was 6.2×103 cfu/ml and the lowest value was 2.1×102 cfu/ml in raw at Benha and AL-Abadla stations. The two stations were below detectable level ( 100 cfu/ml) after treatment. Whereas, the terminal which take water from were ranged from ( 100 to 3.2 ×102 cfu/ml). However, the raw wells of (Toukh and Qaha) and its station after treatment were below detectable level ( 100 cfu/ml). The terminal which take water from wells were ranged ( 100 cfu/ml to 3.7× 102 cfu/ml (.
18 - Staphylococcus aureus was found to be ranged from (1.3×102 to 7.8×104) in raw at Benha and AL-Abadla stations. On the other side, the two stations after treatment were below detectable level ( 100 cfu/ml). The terminal which take water from were ranged from ( 100 to 3.5 ×102). However, the raw wells of (Toukh and Qaha) and after treatment were below detectable level ( 100 cfu/ml). The terminal value which take water from wells were the lowest value was below detectable level ( 100 cfu/ml). Meanwhile, the highest value was 6.1 x102 cfu/ml.
from our study of physicochemical parameters we found that iron and manganese value in stations after treatment were acceptable to limit range, whereas in ground water (water wells) showed that iron and manganese were in high values, out of limit range. Therefore, we did our best to find unconventional solutions by research and experiments to reduce iron and manganese values during the treatment of raw water by using biological treatment.
19- Studying the effect of using of chitosan extracted from Mucor rouxii for removal of iron and manganese from water wells.
20-To study the production of chitosan from mucor rouxii using YPG medium , 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, each containing 50 ml of fermentation medium were inoculated with 1 ml spore suspension (3.8x106 cfu/ml) and incubated at 30°C, under submerged condition 120 rpm, for 60 h. The results showed that the produced mycelial growth was (6.0 g/l) with chitosan content (0.44 g /l), (73 mg /gm).
20- The produced chitosan was extracted and identified by comparing it with standard sigma chitosan using FTIR, Viscosity, Scanning microscope and DDA.
21- For improving chitosan production from Mucor rouxii , exposuring the spore suspension of Mucor rouxii to different five doses of gamma irradiation. The results showed that the low doses of gamma irradiation stimulate the chitosan production and the highest amount of chitosan (0.75 g/l) was achieved at radiation dose of 0.5 KGy.
22- Six concentrations from the produced fungal chitosan were examined for their ability to remove iron and manganese from the ground water at different time intervals. The result showed that, The Best concentration is 0.05% which decrease iron and manganese to (0.14 - 0.11) mg/l, respectively after 6 h.
23. The characterization of Nano-fungal chitosan was done by various methods: Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
24-For Improving the removal of heavy metals, Nano chitosan particles were prepared from the produced fungal chitosan and studied their efficiency for the removal of iron and manganese from water wells at short time.
25-The effect of the addition of different concentrations of Nano fungal chitosan for removal iron and manganese were studied after zero, 30 and 60 min. The results showed that the best concentration was 0.02% for the removal of both iron and manganese after 30 min. As these concentration can adsorb completely manganese as its result reach zero and decrease the concentration of iron to 0.4 mg/l.
26- For preparation of Nano fungal chitosan coated sand, Sand of gradation between 0.5 mm and 0.7 mm was used. The sand was soaked in 8 % nitric acid solution for 24 hours, rinsed with de-ionized water to pH 7 and dried at 105°C for 24 hours. After that, take 200 ml of Nano chitosan (at conc. 0.02% , best concentration ) and mix with 200 gm of sand. The mixture was stirred for 5 h at room temperature, the resulting solution was neutralization with Naoh (30%), pH 13, which was added DROP by DROP until chitosan coated sand was formed by precipitating the chitosan from solution on the sand surface. Then it was filtered from the solution, washed and dried in a vacuum oven.
27-For nature simulation in water treatment stations, we design a bioactive filter,a glass cylinder, with 50 cm height (30 cm working height) and 3 cm diameter, filled with Nano-chitosan coated sand (0.02 % best Concentration for removal) .The result showed the effect of uses of Nano –chitosan coated sand on the removal of iron and manganese from water wells as the iron content decreased to 0.4 mg/l and can absorb completely manganese as its concentrations reaches zero.
28- Bio clarification by Nano fungal Chitosan for removal Microorganism at contaminated water