الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This double-blinded parallel arm study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PM on the residual STA time following the injection of lidocaine with epinephrine. It was also aimed at investigating whether a link exists between the injection of PM and the reduction of self-inflicted STI, which was examined in the form of ulcer, swelling, redness and/or hematoma.
The study was done in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Alexandria University. After sample size estimation, a total of 80 patients, with an age range of 5-8 years, presented with mandibular restorative dental needs which required an IAN block anethesia, were enrolled in this study. They were randomly allocated into two groups; a study and a control group. Allocation concealment was done through sequentially numbered opaque envelopes. Patients had to be trainable on the lip tapping and CPT tests and therefore healthy, positive or definitely positive patients, on Frankl behavior scale, were selected. Patients who showed excessive fear from the TENS apparatus and those who gave false responses were excluded from the study prior to allocation to avoid exclusions. The aim of the study was explained to the parent and an informed consent was obtained before the treatment.
Patients were monitored for the reversal of STA and the incidence of self-inflicted STI for two hours post-procedural and followed up on the next day for STI. Lip tapping and CPT tests were executed under the supervision of a physical medicine and rehabilitation consultant. The operator, who was the same for all participants, was trained before starting the study by the same specialist to ensure the intra-examiner reliability through a pilot study of 10 participants.