الفهرس 
The combined effect of pesticide Mixtures against cotton leaf worm, spodoptera littoralis (BOISD.) /
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Abstract
The isobologram equation combination index (CI), was used to evaluate the efficacy of Indoxacarb (I) and Pyridalyl (Py) in binary mixtures with recommended insecticides i.e. the insect development inhibitors (IDI{u2019}s); lufenuron (L) and methoxyfenozide(M) and the conventional insecticides; chlorpyrifos (Ch), profenofos (Pr) and lambda- cyhalothrin (Cy) which against the 2nd instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). The latent effects of these binary mixtures were also studied to evaluate their impact on the larval and pupal durations, pupation, fecundity also, the percentage of emergence, hatchability% and sterility % of S. littoralis were calculated. Based on LC 50 values of each individual insecticide, indoxacarb was the superior compound, while lambda- cyhalothrin was the inferior one against 2nd instar larvae of S. littoralis. All tested binary mixtures were obviously had significant impact on all tested biological parameters. The detoxification enzymes; Ü- esterases, Glutathione-S- Transferase, Acetylcholine esterase, Acid Phosphatase and Alkaline Phosphatase were determined to explore their role on the mixture effects. The role of the oxidative stress in raising or reducing the effectiveness of pesticide mixtures; represented in total antioxidant capacity, Hydrogen peroxide and Lactate Dehydrogenase were also assessed. The mixtures that showed potentiation were investigated against a resistant strain of S. littoralis. According to CI values, the toxicity of indoxacarb (I) decreased when mixed at LC value with lufenuron, methoxyfenozide, profenofos and lambda- cyhalothrin after 72h 25 of observation time.the CI values were on the descending order of 16.2, 4.25,1.99 and 1.84, respectively. On the contrary, the toxicity of indoxacarb increased when mixed with chlorpyrifos after 72h. After 72 hours of the treatment of indoxacarb mixtures, Ü {u2013} esterases total units increased significantly compared to control