الفهرس 
The effect of diode laser biostimulation compared to teriparatide in induced osteoporosis in rats
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Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a global problem representing one of the most common bone diseases in humans. Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the changes that occur in bone tissue of experimental rats with induced osteoporosis after application of several treatment options: Teriparatide (TPTD), low level laser therapy (LLLT) and their combination. Methods and results: 45 female albino rats were divided into control and experimental groups. Treatments were introduced to the experimental groups in the form of TPTD subcutaneous injection, LLLT application and combination of both. Euthanizations were done on three time intervals throughout the treatment period which lasted for 3 months. Specimens obtained were assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination to assess diameter of bone pores, energy dispersive x-ray (EDAX) analysis to estimate calcium levels, ELISA to measure amino terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) concentrations and routine histolopathological examination. Before specimen preparation bone mineral density evaluation was carried out using computed tomography (CT). Results showed improvements in the three treated groups when compared to control groups, as regards: increase in bone mineral density, decrease in diameter of bone pores, elevation in calcium levels and finally increase in PINP concentrations. The enhancements were seen as highest in combination group followed by TPTD and LLLT groups. Conclusion: TPTD was able to induce formation of new well-organized bone with narrower bone pore diameter. While, LLLT was able to improve bone strength by faster bone deposition and higher calcium content. Finally, combination of both showed a synergistic beneficial effect which could possibly overcome systemic side effects of high dose of TPTD, and limitations of LLLT application, as well as getting maximum benefit of uniformity and speedy new bone formation