الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a chronic, progressive disease of the kidney that is considered as the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD). The traditional drug therapy can’t reverse the process of developing ESRD that requires renal replacement therapy as dialysis or kidney transplantation that induces social and economic burden. Therefore, exploring a novel therapeutic option to alleviate or prevent this devastating condition and to improve patients’ survival and quality of life is considered mandatory.
Regenerative medicine is a rapidly growing branch in the medical field that focuses on repair or replace the damaged tissues and organs in order to restore their normal biological function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become a promising therapeutic modality in tissue regeneration due to their unique properties as easy accessibility, intrinsic homing ability, high proliferation ability, pluripotency, and capability of secretion trophic factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Cell free therapy using EVs have got attention due to great ability for crossing blood barriers and low immunogenicity comparable to cell based therapy.
The exact mechanism of regenerative ability of MSCs remains a controversy either attributed to cellular differentiation and replacement or through their paracrine effects via their secreted trophic factors and EVs. Therefore, Investigating the potential therapeutic effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and their secreted EVs on the diabetic nephropathy has been a point of interest in the recent research work.
The present work aimed to study the biochemical, microscopic and morphometric changes of the renal corpuscles of induced diabetic nephropathy in adult male albino rats. Moreover, it aimed to assess and compare the possible therapeutic potential of BM-MSCS and their secreted EVs in ameliorating the induced diabetic kidney disease, owing to their unique and beneficial properties.
In this study, four male albino rats (2 weeks old, weighed 27-33 g) were used for isolation of BM-MSCs and their EVs. BM-MSCs were isolated, cultured, passaged, and characterized by daily examination using the phase contrast inverted microscopy, colony forming unit assay and immunophenotyping for their surface markers. EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation method of BM-M