الفهرس 
Chronic kidney diseaseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The number of end-stage kidney disease patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) is more than 1.1 million worldwide, and the size of this population is expanding at a rate of 7% per year with the progress in medical and HD machine technique. (1) The HD patients often suffer from gastrointestinal conditions such as bleeding, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and other severe abdominal symptoms during their long treatment period. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, and is thought to be one of the major risk factors for gastrointestinal morbidity in HD patients. (2) Risk factors for death in HD patients include typical cardiovascular risk factors as well as chronic inflammation and dietary disruption. Patients with protein-energy wasting (PEW), a kind of metabolic and nutritional dysregulation, are at increased risk of death. (3) Anorexigenic peptide ghrelin, secreted predominantly by stomach endocrine cells, may have a role in the development of PEW in HD patients, according to recent research. (4)