الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 94 |  |  |
| | | from | 94 | | |
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and alterations in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism caused by impairments in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
Hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, minimal inflammation, and accelerating atherogenesis are all common problems in people with T2DM which lead to complications. chronic microvascular complications include diabetic kidney disease (DKD), neuropathy, and retinopathy, while chronic macrovascular complications including coronary artery diseases, peripheral artery diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases.
In both developed and developing nations, diabetes is the leading cause of (ESRD). Albuminuria and eGFR are used to predict DKD. In most cases, albuminuria and/or eGFR decline occur during and after renal impairment in diabetic individuals, with albuminuria manifesting before eGFR drop. As a result, albuminuria is the main diagnostic parameter for determining kidney impairment in diabetics.
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) without albuminuria is known as normoalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease (NADKD). As a result, albuminuria is no longer regarded an inert phase of DKD, but rather an active and progressive disease.
Metabolic changes, hyperfiltration, reactive oxidative stress (ROS), immunological and inflammatory activation, and eventual fibrosis all contribute to the pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic processes that occur throughout the development and progression of DKD.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is simply the value of neutrophil counts divided by the value of lymphocyte counts. PLR is calculated by dividing the value of platelets by the value of lymphocyte counts.