الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the Name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. First and
foremost, I would like to glorify Allah for His blessing given to me
throughout my study and in completing my Ph.D. thesis.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
main supervisor Prof. Dr. Arafa Hassen, Professor of materials
science, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum
University, and Vice President for Postgraduate Studies and
Research, Fayoum University for giving me the opportunity to do
research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this
research. His dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation have
deeply inspired me. He has taught me the methodology to carry out
the research and to present the research works as clearly as possible.
It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under his
guidance. I am extremely grateful for what he has offered me. I
would also like to thank him for his friendship, empathy, and great
sense of humor. My sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-
Hafiez, Researcher at the Department of Physics, Harvard
University, USA, and Uppsala University, Sweden for his valuable
assistance from the beginning of my Ph.D. thesis and for offering
me the internship opportunities at Heidelberg and Goethe
University, Germany, and earn experience and knowledge from him
and his group. It was a great honor to work under his guidance and
learn from him. I would like to thank the rest of my thesis
supervision committee, Dr. Abdelwahab Hassan and Dr. Tarob
Abdelbasit. I acknowledge the financial support (Grant No. 23023)
received from Science, Technology and Development Fund (STDF)
Egypt (GERF funding program).
IV
I am extremely grateful to my mother and my dead father for
their love, prayers, care, and sacrifices in educating and preparing
me for my future. I am very much thankful to my wife for her love,
understanding, prayers, and continuing support to complete this
research work and my darling daughter Layan. Also, I express my
thanks to my sisters, and brothers for their support and valuable
prayers.