الفهرس 
Diabetes mellitusOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is complex chronic disease that requires continuous medical care, patient self-management, education and support to prevent acute complications and to reduce the long term complications of this chronic disease.
The etiology of diabetes is heterogeneous; diabetes can be classified into two categories; Type1 diabetes which is characterized by deficiency of insulin secretion; or Type 2 diabetes which results from a combination of resistance to insulin action, as well as an inadequate insulin secretion .
Type1 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in young people in many populations; Type 2 diabetes also becomes an increasingly important public health problem especially in populations with severe obesity.
Diabetes in young people usually presents with one of these forms polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, enuresis, weight loss which may be accompanied by polyphagia, behavioral disturbance; in chronic hyperglycemia, impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections; in its most severe form, ketoacidosis or (rarer) non-ketotic hyperosmolar syndrome may develop and lead to stupor, coma and in the absence of effective treatment death.
The criteria for diagnosing diabetes mellitus according to include the following:
1. Classic symptoms of diabetes or hyperglycemic crisis with plasma glucose concentration ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL).
2. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (≥126 mg/dL).
3. Two-hour postload glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (≥200 mg/dL) during an OGTT.
4. HbA1c ≥6.5%.
There are many long-term complications of diabetes including microvascular complications as nephropathy ,neuropathy and retinopathy, macrovascular complications as coronary artery diseases cerebrovascular diseases, peripheral and autonomic neuropathies and diabetic osteopathy manifesting as increased risk of osteoporosis and fracture .