الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Opioid use disorder can be defined as a pattern of opioid use associated with a range of physical, mental, social, and legal problems, and with increased mortality leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. It affects over 16 million people worldwide and there are over 120,000 deaths worldwide annually attributed to opioids. In the United States, it has been reported that the nonmedical use of prescription opioids is accompanied by a dramatic increase in deaths and poses the risk of transitioning to heroin use. Several factors may lead someone to abuse opioids, including heroin. It may begin as experimentation, imitating friends, or succumbing to peer pressure. In many cases, it begins with the prescribed use of opioids and evolves to the user taking the medications differently than prescribed or deteriorates to obtaining opioids prescribed to someone else. Younger age, more severe pain, co-occurring mental problems, and prior history of substance use disorders are risk factors for prescription opioid usage. In addition, a history of child maltreatment is a risk factor for OUD (eg, sexual, physical, or emotional abuse or neglect). Relapse is defined as a breakdown in a person’s attempt to alter their drug use behaviors, a return to their previous drinking habits after a time of abstinence, or a failure to change or modify any targeted behavior. The burden of infectious diseases linked with intravenous opioid use, particularly the spread of hepatitis C and HIV, and the rising incidence of accidental opioid overdose deaths have all been cited as worldwide priorities for effective treatment of OUD. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) – particularly methadone and buprenorphine – is considered the “gold standard” of OUD treatment because of the overwhelming evidence of its effectiveness. MAT means using of approved medications combined with psychosocial treatments and patient monitoring to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Psychosocial treatments can enhance overall engagement in recovery and help patients to maintain abstinence, control urges to use opioids, and develop healthier coping strategies. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), an evidence-based sort of psychotherapy centered on the concept that cognitions (such as ideas, beliefs, and schemas) and behaviors play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of psychopathology, is one therapeutic modality used in the MAT population.