الفهرس 
Surgical anatomy of the kidneyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Children represent about 1% of all patients with urolithiasis, but 100% of these children are considered high risk for recurrent stone formation, and it is crucial for them to receive a therapy that will render them stone free. (1)
The choice of treatment modality is individualized in children, considering patient age, stone size, number, location, and clinical contributing factors as well as on the anatomy of the urinary tract.
Progressing from least to most minimally invasive, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, semi rigid, flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are the surgical methods of today for kidney and ureteral stones.
According to both EAU and AUA guidelines all studies reporting the use of endoscopy for ureteric stones in children have clearly demonstrated that there is no significant risk of ureteric stricture or reflux with this mode of therapy (2), and both intrarenal and ureteric can be treated using this approach. (3)
Recent meta-analysis showed that retrograde intra renal surgery has similar success rate and stone-free rate and less hospital stay and complication rate when compared to micro-PCNL for stones between 10-20mm, where PCNL has higher stone-free rate in stones larger than 20 mm. (4).