الفهرس 
Preconcentration and separation proceduresOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In this work two novel nano composite materials (PUF/ZnFe 2 O 4 and
PUF/Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ) have successfully been utilized as a new solid phase extraction
(SPE) sorbents for the separation of cadmium and copper ions in various water
samples. The magnetic nano particles were successfully synthesized by using modified
citrate sol-gel method. Then, the magnetic nano powders (0.1g of ZnFe 2 O 4 or
Zn 0.6 Mn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 ) were added to the PUF during the preparation step to have 30 g of the
nano composite materials (PUF/ZnFe 2 O 4 or PUF/Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ). The phase
composition, morphology, particle size, and saturation magnetization of the prepared
nanoparticles were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution-transition
electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The
microstructure of the prepared PUF/nanoparticles was observed using scanning electron
microscope (SEM). The effects of pH, sorbent dose and shaking time of the composite
nano materials on the Cd 2+ and Cu 2+ ions removal from an aqueous solution and real
water (tap water, Qaroun lake water and Bahr Youssef water from Fayoum city, Egypt)
were investigated.
The XRD patterns show that the high crystallinity of the spinel phase and the
average crystallite size of all nanoparticles in the range 16-25 nm. The HR-TEM images
observed that the particle size of the prepared nanoparticles in PUF ranged from 5.3 to 25
nm. VSM measurements showed that Ms of ZnFe 2 O 4 and Zn 0.6 Mn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 samples were
4.179 emu/g and 6.885 emu/g, respectively. The microstructure of the prepared
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composites observed the spongy structure (spherical shaped) and higher porosity of the
sample ZnFe 2 O 4 /PUF than sample Zn 0.6 Mn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 /PUF.
The batch procedure shows the maximum extraction percentage on the two
composite nano materials (PUF /ZnFe 2 O 4 and PUF/Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ) are 96% - 94% and
97% - 96% for Cd 2+ and Cu 2+ ions, respectively, at the optimal conditions (pH " ~ " 5 -
6, 60 min shaking time and sorbent weight 0.1gm from nano composite). While, the
maximum extraction percentage on the two nano powder (ZnFe 2 O 4 & Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ) are
95 % - 93 % and 93% -93% for Cu 2+ and Cd 2+ , respectively, at the optimal conditions
(pH " ~ " 5 - 6, 60 min shaking time and sorbent weight 0.1gm nano powder).
The work presented in this thesis is divided into four chapters; as follows:-
Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter includes hazards of heavy metal ions on
human and animal’s life and the aim of the work.
Chapter 2: Review of Literature. This chapter includes some reviews about
hazards of heavy metal ions especially cadmium and copper ions to be studied during the
course of this work. Some techniques used in preconcentration and/or separation of trace
levels of heavy metal ions are mentioned. Furthermore, this chapter includes some
information about solid phase extraction and types of many sorbents such as nano
sorbent, and foam sorbent
Chapter 3: Materials and Methods. This chapter involves information about
instruments, chemicals and reagents used in this work, methods preparation of nano
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sorbent (ZnFe 2 O 4 and Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ) and synthesis of nano composite (PUF/ZnFe 2 O 4
and PUF/Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ), the methodology employed in this work and the recommended
procedures are explained in details in this chapter.
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion. Here, the characteristics of nano composite
are discussed. Then, the chemical parameters such as pH, shaking time, sorbent weight
and capacity of the prepared solutions were studied. The batch procedures show that the
quantitative extraction percentages by the two composite nano materials (PUF/ZnFe 2 O 4
and PUF/Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ) are more than 95%. The optimum experimental conditions are
determined. Applications of the two composite nano materials (PUF/ZnFe 2 O 4 and
PUF/Mn 0.4 Zn 0.6 Fe 2 O 4 ) are outlined by preconcentration of tested metal ions from various
real samples (tap water, Qaroun lake water and Bahr Youssef water) collected from
Fayoum City, Egypt.
Finally, the thesis demonstrates the references utilized in this work and
conclusions achieved from the whole work together with the recommendations that may
be undertaken in future.