الفهرس 
Efficacy of pterygopalatine fossa injection with local anesthetic agent and adrenaline in reduction of intra-operative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery
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Abstract
Achieving safe operative field with minimal intra-operative and post-operative complications depends mainly on a dry surgical field with better visualization during ESS to decrease operative time and reduce post-operative consequences. Many methods were used to reduce intra-operative bleeding during ESS. Such as: pre-operative preparation of nasal mucosa with vasoconstrictor nasal drops and steroids, elevation of the patient{u2019}s head by 30 degree to reduce venous pressure(Hathorn et al., 2013). Usage of bipolar cautery and microdebrider; premedication with beta blockers; a controlled hypotensive anesthesia technique; and total intravenous anaesthesia