الفهرس 
Title : Serum Osteocalcin Level in Post-menopausal Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Correlation with Bone Mineral Density and Carotid Intima Media Thickness
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95%of all diabetic patients. Almost 90% of these patients show insulin resistance. The presence of components of metabolic syndrome in these patients increase the risk of their developing microvascular and macrovascular complications. This form of diabetes frequently goes undiagnosed for many year because the hyperglycemia develops gradually and at earlier stage is often not severe enough for the patient to notice any of the classic symptoms. Nevertheless, such patients are at increased risk of developing complications.Cardiovascular complications of diabetes is the main cause of mortality in diabetics.The postmenopausal female is more vulnerable to (cardiovascular morbidity, mortality and cerebrovascular accident) than males because of hormonal factors. Bone has recently been recognized as an endocrinal organ for the hormonal modulation of energy homeostasis.Bone-derived secretory factors comprise an important endocrine system that is finely orchestrated with other organs to ensure homeostatic balance and health. Bone secretes at least three hormones FGF23, lipocalin and osteocalcin.Serum osteocalcin, is a small (49 amino acids) noncollagenous protein produced by osteoblasts and odontoblasts in the bone tissue and dentin. Serum osteocalcin levels correlate with skeletal growth during puberty, as well as with increase in bone formation rate in conditions characterized by increased bone turnover such as primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or acromegaly