الفهرس 
Title: Immunological response in Wistar rats against Sarcocystis fusiformis infecting the Indian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Egypt
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Abstract
Sarcocystis fusiformis is an apicomplexan intracellular protozoan parasite with an intermediate-definitive host life cycle based on a prey-predator relationship. Sarcocysts were isolated from esophagus, heart and diaphragm muscles of an infected Indian water buffaloe Bubalus bubalis in Egypt. They were described morphologically by light and transmission electron microscopy. In the present study, the prevalence of sarcocysts infection in the Indian water buffaloa was recorded followed by their taxonomic identification by light and transmission electron microscopy. Also, the histopathological changes of three lymphoid organs accompanied oral inoculation of sarcocysts crude antigen into Wistar rats were investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the potency of innate and adaptive immune responses in male Wistar rats following oral administration with fresh and thermally treated crude antigen extracts of Sarcocystis. The serum levels of various cytokines were measured at days 7, 14, and 28 post inoculations. The expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both thymus and spleen as well as phosphorylation of a transcriptional factor NF-кB in the spleen and IgG+ in the mesenteric lymph nodes were detected by immunohistochemical techniques. initial observations on the herds at the slaughterhouse indicated that there were some weak animals with a remarked weight loss and unbalanced with no tendency of movement and were mostly unbalanced. After slaughtering, enlargement of their hearts and their color change were observed in the infected animals. Ovoid cysts were observed macroscopically in host muscles measured 142-210 om long and 35-110 om wide. The fine structure of the primary cyst wall which can be used as an important criterion for species identification revealed that this wall had irregular wall folds with numerous cauliflower projections or protrusions of variable size and shape. Also, the levels of IL-1Ý, IL-18, and IL-15 were increased, in addition to the increase in the levels of IL- 12, TNF-Ü, IL-10, and IL-13 in response to fresh sarcocysts antigen inoculation while thermally treated cyst extract elicited IL-13 and IL-15 secretion