الفهرس 
Comparative study of orbital doppler parameters in hypertensive patients with retinopathy and hypertensive without retinopathy
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Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension is the commonest chronic illness worldwide and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and cause of death, retina provides a window into the human circulatory system. Retinal arterioles are similar in anatomical and physiological features to cerebral and coronary microcirculation, and can be monitored easily and non- invasively. Aim: analyze the diagnostic value of color duplex imaging (CDI) of blood flow in the ophthalmic artery and its branches in hypertensive patients with retinopathy and others without retinopathy in relation to their fundus examination results. Methods: we conducted a cross section study, assessing the blood flow parameters using color duplex imaging in the ophthalmic artery and its branches in hypertensive patients. All patients underwent full ophthalmological assessment including evaluation of visual acuity, auto refraction, Full slit lamp examination and Goldmann applanation tonometry. Fundus exmamination was conducted to assess signs of hypertensive retinopathy including arteriolar constriction, arterio-venous nicking, vascular wall changes, flame-shaped hemorrhages,cotton-wool spots, yellow hard exudates, and optic disk edema.Results: A total of 80 patients were included in our analysis, all patients were hypertensive who underwent ocular CDI and fundus examination for assessment of retinal hypertensive changes.They had a mean age 55.5 ± SD 12.5 years old, 60% females, and 40% males. Fundus examination revealed that 47.5% had no hypertensive changes, while 36.3% had grade 1 changes and 16.3% had grade 2 changes