الفهرس 
Seismic effects on deep tunnels including soil interface friction
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Abstract
This study develops analytical solutions for calculating the seismic tunnel forces under vertically propagating transverse seismic P-wave and S-waves. Slippage at the interface is implemented in the proposed solutions. ABAQUS software has been utilized in the validation process.Comparisons showed that the results of the proposed solutions in terms of liner thrust forces and bending moments are reasonably close to the numerical predictions of ABAQUS. Then, the effect of ground stratification on the seismic forces is investigated considering linear and nonlinear soil properties. Considerable magnifications of seismic forces in tunnels due to soil stratification are observed