الفهرس 
Asessment of antimicrobial efficacy of nano chitosan, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine/ nano chitosan combination versus sodium hypochlorite irrigation in patients with necrotic mandibular premolars :
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Abstract
Aim: the aim of the study was to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of 3% Nano chitosan, 2% Chlorhexidine and (2%Chlorhexidine/3% Nano chitosan) combination versus 5.25% NaOCl when used as a final flush after single visit endodontic treatment of patients with necrotic mandibular premolars. Methodology: sixty patients with non-vital, mandibular premolars, were endodontically treated in a single visit. The patients were divided into four groups, A, B, C and D each consisted of 15 patients. Instrumentation was done using rotary ProTaper files for all groups. During which, irrigation was done using 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, finally the canals were flushed with sterile saline. After that a final flush with the tested irrigant was done as follows: 5 ml of 3% CNPs for group A, 5 ml of 2% CHX for group B, 5 ml of CHX/CNPs combination for group C and 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl for group D. for all groups manual dynamic agitation was done to activate the irrigating solution then canals where flushed with normal saline to stop any residual activity. Samples were collected from root canals immediately before preparation (S1) and after irrigation with the experimental solutions (S2) using sterile paper points that were immediately transferred for microbiological processing.The antimicrobial effectiveness was assessed using culture method and counting CFU/ml before and after preparation. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between groups with CNPs and CHX/CNPs being statistically more effective that either CHX or NaOCl while not significantly different from each other regarding antibacterial effectiveness against anaerobic bacteria