الفهرس 
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Abstract
Anthropometry is the biological science of measuring the size, weight and proportion of the human body and provides objective data to the craniofacial morphology evaluation, through a series of head and face measurements. The anthropometry presents many advantages to the evaluation of craniofacial morphology by using simple, noninvasive, low-risk and inexpensive techniques. It is an important clinical tool due to its simplicity.
It is very necessary for the establishment of anthropometric standards for the evaluation of deviations in craniofacial morphology, for a particular population.
Facial anthropometry has an important role in cosmetic surgeries, orthogenetic surgeries and forensic medicine to identify the sex and age. These characteristics have been introduced as predictive values in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Additionally, the craniofacial characteristics have been determined in different patient groups such as patients with thalassemia, Down syndrome, etc.
The orofacial anthropometric assessment is based on the location of specific points on the face of the subject and on the performance of noninvasive measurements. It is a technique of low cost and it is non-hazardous to the health of the subject. Because orofacial anthropometric assessment results in objective data, it can be compared across subjects once the normal pattern for the population has been established. The digital caliper, an instrument used in orofacial anthropometry, is easy to handle and transport and provides no clinically significant difference for having 0.01 mm graduation.
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Our study conducted on 516 Egyptian healthy preschool children of both sexes (between 3-6 years old) with Exclusion criteria: (chronic disease as thalassemia, any syndromes or genetic abnormality, any facial deformity).
All patients were subjected to the following:
Detailed history taking including:
Personal history: Name, age, sex
Anthropometric measurements including:
1. Weight (Kg) by using digital scale.
2. Height (Cm) by using tap
3. Head circumference using aplastic tape
4. Lower face part measurements using ruler The normal face is divided into equal thirds:
• Upper face: hairline to glabella.
• Mid-face: glabella to subnasale.
• Lower face: subnasale to soft tissue menton.
The lower third of the face is further divided: upper third extending from subnasale to the upper lip stomion; lower two-thirds running from the lower lip stomion to the soft tissue menton.
Our study showed in details lower third of face Including (philtrum width, philtrum length, intercommissural distance, lower lip to chin length).
1) Philtrum width: two points were marked at the base of the philtrum, i.e. at the junction of the vertical ridge of philtrum and
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vermillion border of upper lip. The width between these points was taken as the philtral width.
2) Philtrum length: from base of columella to midline depression of the vermillion border.
3) Inter commissural distance: was measured between the corners of the mouth.
4) Lower lip to chin: between junction of skin and mucous membrane of lower lip and the lowest point of the chin with mouth closed.
Lower Face Measurements
In our study
Mean value of philtrum length with cm in males 1.32±0.14 and in females 1.32± 0.79 with p-value 0.948.
Mean value of philtrum Width with cm in males 0.949±0.05 and in females 0.939± 0.06 with p-value 0.06.
Mean value of Inter Commissural distance with cm in males 3.84±0.21 and in females 3.74± 0.19 with p-value 0.000.
Mean value of Lower Lip to Chin Length with cm in males 3.62±0.12 and in females 3.44± 0.16 with p-value 0.000.
from all this anthropometric measure of lower part of face we can know normal ranges in age of 3-6 years so can detect any deviation from normal and deal with. So any child from the first look if suspect of any abnormality in face should take facial anthropometric measurements and compare with normal measurements which illustrated in our results and put on curves to detect early abnormality.