الفهرس 
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Abstract
Time management is important in all areas of life and especially in the realm of health. Its importance increases and appears clearly when becoming a manager or a supervisor as the consequences of your management of your time at work become clear. Lack of time management in the nursing profession may affect the quality of healthcare provided to patients, and decrease the efficiency and productivity which leads to stress and job dissatisfaction among nurses. Head nurses can better manage the time they have at work, allowing them to provide better care for themselves, staff nurses and to their patients. Also, Time management improve the ability of managing, retaining human resources, decreasing stress and increasing job satisfaction among nursing personnel.
Aim of the study
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of time management program for the head nurses on their work stress through:
1. Assessing head nurses’ knowledge regarding time management before and after the program.
2. Assessing head nurses’ self-reported time management skills before and after the program.
3. Assessing head nurses’ work stress level before and after the program.
Research hypothesis:
After implementing the time management program, work stress level among head nurses will be decreased.
Research design:
Quasi-experimental design (intervention and control group) was used in this study.
Study setting:
The study will be conducted at Ain-Shams University Hospitals where the head nurses are working. These hospitals are: Ain-Shams University hospital, El-Demerdash hospital, Obstetric and Gynecological hospital, Pediatrics hospital and cardiovascular hospital.
Study subjects:
The subjects of the study included 115 head nurses working in Ain Shams University hospitals who represent all head nurses on job (convenient sample). The subjects were divided into two groups, intervention group contains (61 head nurses) and control group include (54 head nurses). The selection of both groups was done through simple random sampling technique.
Data collection tools:
Data for this study were collected through using three tools namely: Time management knowledge questionnaire, time management assessment questionnaire and Expanded Nursing Stress Scale.
First tool: Time management knowledge questionnaire:
This tool aimed to assess head nurses’ knowledge regarding time management and time wasters. It consisted of two parts as follows:
Part 1: It aimed at collecting data regarding demographic characteristics of the participants including: age, marital status, qualifications, hospital name, and years of experience in the current position.
Part 2: Included questions in basic concept of time management, time wasters, time wasters management, and time management strategies (50 questions).
Second tool: Time management assessment questionnaire:
It consisted of two subscales:
a) Current use of time management subscale: It aimed to assess head nurses’ self-reported time management skills.
b) Time wasters subscale: It was used to identify common time wasters facing head nurses in different administrative areas that affects their utilization of work time.
Third tool: Expanded nursing stress scale:
This tool aimed to assess the work stress level among head nurses.
Study results
The main study findings revealed the following:
• Before time management training program total time management knowledge among head nurses in the intervention group and control group was satisfactory (34.4 %, 25.9 % respectively). Also, there was no statistically significant difference between them in this phase. As observed, post training program and follow up phases the satisfactory percent score of total time management knowledge was improved markedly (91.8 %, 90.2% respectively). In contrary, no improvement occurred among the control group regarding the total time management satisfactory knowledge (31.5 %, 38.9% respectively) at post training program and follow up phases.
• Furthermore, there were highly statistically significant differences between intervention and control groups in post and follow up phases.
• Regarding time management skills total mean score, it was increased markedly in post and follow up phases after program implementation among intervention group than control group, with highly statistically differences between both groups in these phases (p-value <0.001).
• Furthermore, total time wasters mean score was decreased markedly in post and follow up phases after program implementation among intervention group than control group, with highly statistically differences between both groups in these phases (p-value <0.001).
• Total work stress level mean score was decreased markedly in post and follow up phases after program implementation among intervention group than control group, with highly statistically differences between both groups in these phases(p-value <0.001).
In conclusion, there were improvement in the level of time management knowledge, time management skills, regarding time wasters, and level of work stress were decreased among intervention group compared to no improvement occurred among control group throughout time management program phases. Finally, there was a positive effect of time management program in decreasing the level of work stress among head nurses in the intervention group. These confirmed the research hypothesis which stated that after implementing the time management program, work stress level among head nurses will be decreased.