الفهرس 
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Abstract
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyper responsiveness of airway smooth muscles (Youness, et al, 2019). Asthma affects an estimated 300 million individual worldwide. It is a serious global health problem affecting all age groups, with increasing prevalence in many developing countries (Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2020). Asthma affects approximately seven million children under age of eighteen in United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Symptoms of asthma include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and other respiratory complaints most of time these symptoms are mild and can be controlled with inhalers and avoidance allergens, but other times they can lead to exacerbations that can be life threatening (Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2020). The main stay of management of acute asthma therapy is a beta-agonist and corticosteroid inhaler (Rosanoff, et al, 2012). Standard therapies may be insufficient, and adjuvant therapies such as intravenous magnesium sulfate may be administered in the ED (Bretzlaff J, et al, 2000).