الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is considered a major contributing factor to health-related disability and a risk factor for suicide (Li et al. 2021). Ranging from mild to severe, it affects about 6% of new patients every year, and unfortunately, even after multiple treatment attempts, nearly 30% of patients do not remit MDD (American Psychiatric Association 2000). MDD endophenotypes are divided into two categories psychopathological endophenotypes and biological endophenotypes (Hasler et al. 2004).There is now substantial evidence that inflammatory disturbances may be intimately involved in psychiatric symptoms (Slavich and Irwin 2014). Modern pharmacological experiments and clinical observation showed that MDD patients display higher circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Iob and Steptoe 2020). Much of the interest in inflammation and depression has been focused on cytokines, mediating the innate immune response, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1β). In fact, increased levels of IL-1β impair hippocampal neurogenesis either by dysregulating the HPA axis or by inhibition of proliferation via cell cycle arrest (Koo and Duman 2009).