الفهرس 
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Abstract
Bone is a special form of connective tissue, which unlike most other
tissues is physiologically mineralized. Despite its inert appearance, bone is a
highly dynamic organ that is continuously resorbed by osteoclasts and
neoformed by osteoblasts. Bone is a multifunctional tissue which serves as
mechanical support and protection, is an essential part of hematopoiesis and
mineral metabolism, and has a role as an endocrine organ.
Bone Function
As well as contributing to the body‟s overall shape, the skeletal
system has several key functions, including:
Support and movement;
Protection;
Mineral homeostasis
Blood-cell formation
Triglyceride storage
Bone Cells
Bone cells make up about 10% of total bone volume. There are four
types of cells:
Osteoprogenitor (Stem) Cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Blood vessel structure and functions
Blood and lymphatic vessels pervade almost all body tissues and have
numerous essential roles in physiology and disease. The inner lining of these
networks is formed by a single layer of endothelial cells, which is specialized according to the needs of the tissue that it supplies. Whereas the general
mechanisms of blood and lymphatic vessel development are being defined
with increasing molecular precision
Blood vessels organize into tree-like structures. Large arteries carry
oxygenated blood away from the heart and branch into smaller calibre
arterioles that feed into extensive capillary networks. Venules drain capillaries
and converge into larger veins to return oxygen- depleted blood to the heart.
Blood is transferred via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for reoxygenation.
The interaction betweem bone and vascular system
There is astrong relation between bone and vascular system, the
concept of the bone–vascular axis may explain, for example, the relationship
between bone metabolism and vessel wall diseases like atherosclerosis and
arteriosclerosis, with potential involvement of a number of cytokines and
metabolic pathways. A very important discovery in bone physiology is the
bone marrow (BM) niche, the functional unit where stem cells interact,
exchanging signals that impact on their fate as bone-forming cells or immunecompetent
haematopoietic elements. This new element of bone physiology
has been recognized to be dysfunctional in diabetes (so-called diabetic
mobilopathy), with possible clinical implications.