الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Prior to the 20th century, the reader was not considered an important element in the process of reading as the previous literary theories neglected his/her active role in the analysis and interpretation of literary works. Against this background, reader- response theory emerged at the hands of the American literary critic Louise Rosenblatt (1938), in her book, literature as exploration. According to her reader response theory, meaning is created through a transaction between the reader and the text. Without the presence of the reader, the text has no existence at all. In other words, the reader makes the text alive. Furthermore, Meaning is not inherent in the text. Rather, it is shaped by the reader through the process of reading. Readers comprehend worlds generated by authors through literature, “which irrigates the deserts that our lives have already become” (Lewis, 1976, p.28).