الفهرس 
PathophysiologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is defined by a focus of infection within the heart, it results from bacterial or fungal infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (1). Despite optimal care, mortality approaches 30% at 1 year, it affects 3 to 10 per 100,000 per year in the population (2). IE is an old problem in a new guise, despite trends toward earlier diagnosis and surgical intervention, the 1-year mortality from IE has not improved in over 2 decades (3). IE typically affect young or middle-aged adults with underlying rheumatic heart disease or congenital heart disease, Prosthetic valve replacement, hemodialysis, venous catheters, immunosuppression, and intravenous (IV) drug abusers became the principal risk factors (4, 5). Concurrently, staphylococci and streptococci and enterococci are the most causative organism but also less common pathogens such as Candida species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), leading to formation of a mature vegetation (6). The American Heart Association (AHA) published guidelines recommending antibiotic prophylaxis for patients with rheumatic heart disease and CHD with maintenance of good oral hygiene for at-risk groups undergoing dental extraction (7).