الفهرس 
Advanced Studies on Piroplasma in Camel and Equine
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Abstract
including ruminants, equine,and dromedaries, they are responsible for significant economic losses to the livestock industry in countries where they occur. Piroplasmosis is one of the TBDs which caused by Theileria (T)spp.or Babesia(B)spp. or both which transmitted by ticks of genera Dermacentor, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus. The objective of this study is to use sensitive, fast and specific molecular tools, such as multiplex (m) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for simultaneous detection of T. equi and B. caballi in equine and examined the presence of T.haneyi infections in Egypt using uiplex (u) PCR. In addition to molecular detection and genetic characterization of piroplasma spp. infecting in camel (Camelus dromedarius) using conventional (c)PCR, mPCR, uPCR and nested (n) PCR followed by sequencing. Atotal of 155 equine blood samples (79 horse and 76 donkey) and 531 camel blood samples have been collected from different geographical governorates in Egypt. In equine, the microscopical examination result revealed that Theileria spp. were detected in 5 (6.3%) horses and 7 (9.2%) donkeys. The mPCR method revealed the presence of T. equi in 16 (20.3%) horses and 10 (13.1%) donkeys and the presence of B. caballi in one (1.2%) horse. B. caballi was not detected in donkeys. Additionally, T. haneyi was detected in Egypt for the first time in 42 (53.1%) of thehorses and 29 (38.1%)of the donkeys tested samples. In camel, piroplasma spp. were detected in 58 (11%) of samples microscopically. While the cPCR detectedBabesia/Theileria spp. in 203(38%) of samples. Multiplex PCR was applied on all piroplasma spp. positive samples by cPCR (203) for simultaneous detection of T. equi, B. caballi, B. bigemina and B. bovis. The multiplex PCR result revealed the presence of T. equi, and B. bovisinfection in 84 (41%) and 9 (4%) of samples, respectively. Moreover B. caballi was detected in 11 (5.4%) of samples in mixed infection with T. equi. In addition to B. bigeminamixed infectionwas detected 2 (1%) of the samples.