الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was carried out at the Pomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut university during two convective seasons 2018 and 2019.Three date palm cultivars were chosen for this study namely Sewy, Hayany and Halawy and included three different experiment as follow :
A-The effect of some growth regulators on yield and fruit quality of Sewy and Hayany cvs :
Four treatments were used for this experiment as follow:
1-GA3 at 100 ppm +BA at 50 ppm
2-IAA at 100 ppm +BA at 50 ppm
3-GA3 at 100 ppm + IAA at 100 ppm +BA at 50 ppm
3- Control
B –The effect of different pollination time on yield and fruit quality of Sewy cv
Three treatment were done for this experiment as follow :
1-pollination at the same day of spathe opening.
2-pollination at 2 days after spathe opening.
3-pollination at 4 days after spathe opening.
c-The effect of pollen grains source on yield and fruit quality of Halawy cv:
Two pollen grains sources were used for this experiment as follow:
1-Pollinator (A)
2-Pollinator (B)
Three date palm trees (replicates) were selected for each experiment with 2 spathes for each replicate.
The following measurements were determined for each experiment as follow:
A-Yield parameters including fruit set % , fruit retention % , Bunch weight (kg) and yield weight /palm (kg).
B-Fruit physical and chemical characteristics :
B-1: Physical characteristics included fruit weight (g), flesh weight (g) ,fruit volume (cm3) and flesh weight (cm3).
B-2-Chemical characteristics included T.S.S % , acidity %, T.S.S/acid ratio, reducing sugar % , non-reducing sugar % and total sugar %.
The obtained results could be summarized as follow:
First experiment :
A-Yield parameters:
A-1: Fruit set % and fruit retention % :
All used treatment slightly or significantly decreased both of fruit set % and fruit retention % of Sewy and Hayany cvs. during 2018 and 2019 seasons as compared with the untreated trees(control).
A-2: Bunch weight and yield /palm (kg):
The untreated (control) palms produced the lowest values of bunch weight and total yield / palm comparing with all combinations of GA3 , BA and IAA in both studied seasons , Moreover the highest values of bunch and yield weight were obtained by GA3+IAA+BA treatment for Sewy and Hayany cvs. during both tested seasons.
B-Fruit physical and chemical characteristics :
B-1-Physical characteristics :
B-1-1-Fruit weight , flesh weight , fruit volume and flesh volume :
All of those properties were significantly increased by all combinations of the used growth regulators GA3, IAA and BA as compared to untreated (control) palms of Sewy and Hayany cvs. during both studied seasons 2018 and 2019.
In addition the highest values of those properties were obtained by application of GA3+IAA+BA combination , while the lowest values were produced from untreated palms (control) for both tested cultivars during 2018 and 2019 seasons.
B-2:Chemicals characteristics :
B2-1 :Total soluble solids (T.S.S%) , Acidity (%) and TSS/acid ratio :
All applied treatments of growth regulators GA3, IAA and BA combinations significant by decreased T.S.S % and T.S.S/acid ratio and increased acidity % for both investigated cvs. Sewy and Hayany in 2018 and 2019 as compared with control. So the highest values of T.S.S and T.S.S/acid ratio were found in the control fruits which contained also the lowest values of acidity.
B2-2:Reducing , non-reducing and total sugar % :
The fruit content of these properties took approximately the same trend of T.S.S content meaning that, the untreated fruits (control) contained the highest values of reducing, non-reducing and total sugar % as compared with the treated fruits by all combinations of GA3, IAA and BA for Sewy and Hayany cvs. during 2018 and 2019 seasons.
Second experiment :-
A-Yield parameters :
A-1-Fruit set % and fruit retention % :-
The obtained results indicated that the pollination after 2 days of Sewy spathe opening gave the best effect on increasing the percentage of fruit set and fruit retention during both tested seasons 2018 and 2019.
The significant lows values of these propertied were found by pollination of 4 days of spathe cracking as compared to other treatments.
A-2:Bunch weight and yield/palm (kg) :
Both of bunch and yield weight per palm were significantly increased by pollination after 2 days of spathe opening as compared to other times of pollination in both studied seasons.Moreover the pollination after 4 days gave the lowest values of bunch weight and yield weight/palm.
B-Physical and chemical characteristics of fruits :-
B-1-Phsical characteristics :-
B-1-1: Fruit weight , flesh weight ,fruit volume and flesh volume :
All of these properties were significantly affected by the time of pollination:
The pollination after 2 days of spathe cracking gave the highest values of fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and flesh volume in 2018 and 2019 seasons. On the other side the pollination after 4 days indicated the lowest values of these properties.
B2-Chemical characteristics of fruit :-
B2-1 :Total soluble solids (T.S.S), acidity % and T.S.S/acid ratio :
Significantly increase in T.S.S percentage and T.S.S/acid ratio was found by pollination after 2 days after spathe opening comparing with other treatments. Opposite effect was occurred concerning acidity% in both seasons. The highest values of acidity percentage and lowest values of T.S.S% and T.S.S/acid ratio were found by pollination at the same day of spathe opening during 2018 and 2019 seasons.
B2-2: Reducing ,non-reducing and total sugar % :
Pollination after 2 days of spathe cracking slightly increased the percentage of reducing ,non-reducing and total sugar comparing with other treatments during the two experimental seasons 2018 and 2019.
The lowest values of these properties were obtained by the pollination after 4 days of spathe opening.
Third experiment :-
The effect of pollen source on yield and fruit quality of Halawy cv
A-Yield parameters :-
A-1: Fruit set % and fruit retention % :-
The obtained results showed that pollinator (A) significantly increased the percentages of fruit set and fruit retention of Halawy cv. during both investigated seasons 2018 and 2019 as compared to pollinator (B).
A-2:Bunch weight and yield/palm (kg) :
Slightly increase in bunch weight and yield/palm by pollination by pollinator (A) comparing with pollinator (B) in the two studied seasons 2018 and 2019.
B- Fruit chemical and physical characteristics :
B1: Physical characteristics :
B1-1 : Fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and flesh volume :
All of these properties were slightly or significantly increased by pollination with pollinator (A) comparing with pollinator (B) in the two experimental seasons 2018 and 2019.
B2:Chemical characteristics :
B2-1:Total soluble solids (T.S.S), acidity, TSS/acid ratio :
Pollinator (A) significantly increased the Halawy fruit content of T.S.S, while it slightly (insignificant) decreased acidity content and T.S.S/acid ratio during both studied seasons 2018 and 2019 as compared to pollinator (B).
B2-2: Reducing, non-reducing and total sugar % :
The obtained results indicated that reducing and non-reducing sugar percentages slightly increased and total sugar % significantly increased by pollinator (A) comparing with pollinator (B) application in the two experimental season 2018 and 2019
Recommendation :-
Under the condition of the present study to improve the fruit quality and yield parameters of some date palm cvs. it could be recommended by the following :
1- Application of some growth regulators after pollination such as a combinations of GA3. IAA, BA for Sewy and Hayany cvs.
2- The best time of pollination is 2 days after spathe opening for Sewy cv.
3- Select a good pollinator for Halawy and other date palm cultivars pollination is necessary.