الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is the most prevalent socioeconomic musculoskeletal disease affecting mainly postmenopausal women and older people with significant morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, OP is a major fundamental cause of fractures in individuals over the age of 50 years and 200 million people are affected. Low bone mass and bone micro-structural deteriorations, that increase bone fragility and fracture risk, are hallmarks of OP. Osteoporosis is associated with a wide range of risk factors as age, female gender, family history, low BMI, chronic diseases, smoking, alcohol consumption and some medications (e.g. GCs, anticoagulants and protein-pump inhibitors).