الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
T
his study aimed to evaluate the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles addition on Endoseal MTA intra-tubular penetration after cleaning and shaping of root canal with different irrigation protocols using the CLSM.
56 human mandibular premolars that were freshly extracted were used in the study. The access cavities were opened. All teeth were instrumented with a crown-down technique, using a set of ProTaper rotary instruments to achieve a size #40 apical preparation. Irrigation was performed using 3 ml of 2.6% NaOCL after every change of instrument. After biomechanical preparation, teeth were divided equally into 2 groups (n=28) according to the type of sealer used in obturation G1 (Endoseal MTA without TiO2 nanoparticles) and G2 (Endoseal MTA with 1 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles). Then each group was further subdivided equally into 2 sub-groups (n=14) according to the final irrigating solution used: sub-group N (5.25% NaOCL) and sub-group T (Green tea). Each irrigant was further subdivided equally into 2 sub-groups (n=7) according to irrigation protocols the teeth received: sub-group CI and sub-group PUI. Sealers was mixed with the Rhodamine B fluorescent dye for analysis of sealer penetration under the CLSM at 10x magnification and obturation was carried out in lateral condensation technique. Then from each root 3 (1 mm) slices were obtained representing the coronal, middle and apical thirds. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed.
The analysis revealed that
Concerning the effect of presence and absence of TiO2 nanoparticles in the sealer on sealer intra-tubular penetration depth, Endoseal MTA without TiO2 had a higher value of penetration than Endoseal MTA with TiO2 yet the difference was not statistically significant. About the effect of final irrigant type on sealer intra-tubular penetration depth, all root canals that finally irrigated with NaOCl showed a significantly higher value of sealer intra-tubular penetration than that finally irrigated with green tea. With regard to the effect of irrigation activation methods on sealer intra-tubular penetration depth, all root canals that irrigated with PUA showed a significantly higher value of sealer intra-tubular penetration than that irrigated using CI. The maximum sealer penetration was achieved in coronal third, followed by the middle third and least in the apical third area.