الفهرس 
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Abstract
ffect of nano materials against cotton leafworm Spodopetra littoralis (Boisd).
The Egypt cotton. leaf worm considered one of the most serious. and destructive pest ,not only for cotton plants. in fields ,but also other vegetable and fruit crops, and cause damage.
To avoided this damage people directed. to use of pesticides, they found dangerous side effects to these pesticides on human health and environment beside its highly cost.
So we directed to use alternative method more save and hadn’t any unfavorable side. effects of the health, environment from these alternative method use of nanoparticle providing effective control and avoiding. environmental pollution.
This study was investigated at Plant .Protection. Research Institute, A.R.C, (Dokki –Giza), Egypt.
The following point were studied
1- Preparation of some nanomaterials: this include Nano silver by preciptation method, Nano silica by sol-gel method and Nano Fe2O3 (magnetic) by hydrothermal method . After this step we take the three particles silver,silica and iorn oxide , then, inter them in the Transmission Electron. Microscopy (TEM) which present in the National. Research Center (Dokki –Giza) to make sure of these materials in the nano form by determine the internal structure of these materials. Also,
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Nanomaterials were prepared as wettable powder formulation 15% in Pestiside Formulation Research Department, control Agriculture .Pesticides laboratory. Finally, take these nanoparticle in different concentrations (2500, 3000, 3500 and 4000).
2- Mass rearing of cotton leaf worm using a laboratory strain of Spodopetra. littoralis (Boisd), The culture of S.littoralis used in this study originated from eggs obtained by a susceptible strain established in Cotton Leaf worm Department, evaluate the efficacy of nanoparticleon different concentration on 2nd and 4th instar lavae of cotton leaf worm using by recording mortality and other biological aspects under laboratory conditions
3- Study the effect of different concentration on the mortality percentage through determination of some enzymes activity as Alpha and B- esterase enzyme.
4- Study the effect of different concentration on the mortality percentage through determination of total protein.
The results could be summarized as follows:
The results of conducted study about nano materials (silver, silica and Iron oxide) which prepared as wettable powder formulation against both 2nd and 4th instar larvae of cotton leafworm indicated that all tested materials had initial & latent toxic effect and
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developmental effect, this effect increased as both period after treatment and concentration increased and these nanomaterial was effective in 2nd instar larvae than in 4th instar larvae
The toxicity and latent effect of nano silver against 2nd instar larvae of cotton leafworm indicated that the toxicity and % of mortality increased by increasing concentration (2500, 3000, 3500 and 4000) and also increased by increasing period of feeding with treated leaves increased. and latent effect of nano silver against 4th instar larvae of cotton leaf worm indicated that the toxicity increased with high concentration (4000, 3500, 3000 and 2500) and also increased by increasing period of feeding with treated leaves increased it reached to 80, 78.33, 75.00 and 70.00 after 12 days compared with untreated control which reach to 5%.
Also, of nano silver against 2nd instar larvae of cotton leafworm indicated in the pupation % decreasing by increasing the concentration (15, 18.33, 20 and 26.66 in a concentration 4000, 3500, 3000 and 2500 ppm). While in the 4th instar larae pupation % decreasing by increasing the concentration (20.00, 21.67, 26.00 and 30.00 in aconcentration4000, 3500, 3000 and 2500 ppm) compared with untreated control which recorded 95.00%
Also, of nano silver against 2nd instar larvae the same thing in % of Adult emergency recorded 21.66, 16.66, 13.00 and 10.00, respectively in a concentration 4000, 3500, 3000 and 2500 ppm
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compared by control that recorded 93.34%, while in 4th instar larvae% of Adult emergency which recorded 15.00, 18.00, 21.00and 26.00 while control recorded 94.00%.
Nano Silica on both second & fourth instar larvae recorded mortality 80.00, 76.66, 75.00 and 73.33% in 2nd instar larvae, while recorded 73.33, 68.33, 66.66 and 65.00% in 4thinstar larvae compared with control 6.66 & 5.00 %.
On the other hand in pupation % we find a reverse relationship between it and conc. we find that a small pupation % with high conc. 20.00, 23.34,25.00 and 26.66 & 26.66 31.66, 33.34 and 35.00 in both 2nd& 4th instar larvae, compared with untreated control 93.34 &95.00, respectively.
Also, the same thing in adult emergency which recorded 15.00, 20.00, 21.66 and 25 & 21.66, 25.00, 28.33 and 31.33 compared with control recorded 93.34 & 94.00, respectively.
While, the effect of Iron oxide on 2nd and 4th instar larvae of cotton leafworm it recorded 76.66, 75.00, 73.33 and 70.00 & 71.88, 66.66, 63.33 and 60.00 at a concentrations 4000, 3500, 3000 and 2500 compared with untreated control 6.66 &5.00, respectively.
Also, Pupation percentage decrease by the increase of conc. it recorded 23.34, 25.00, 26.67 and 30.00 & 28.34, 33.34, 38.67 and 40.00, respectively compared with untreated control 93.34 &95.00.
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The same thing in adult emergency we find a reverse relationship with conc. 18.33, 20.00 ,21.66 and 26.33 & 22.00, 30.00, 32.00 and 35.00, respectively with conc. 4000, 3500, 3000 and 2500, compared with untreated control 93.34 and 94.00%, respectively.