الفهرس 
Global Water AvailabilityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The water drained through the sewage network and petroleum traps to natural
water sources contains a large amount of petroleum products, salts, reactants released,
hydrogen sulfide and various types of bacteria and other impurities. The discharge of
petroleum industrial water leads to severe water pollution, and to a significant
reduction in the percentage of dissolved oxygen in the water, which leads to the death
of fish and the poor health conditions of the residents of the neighboring residential
areas. Sources are not useful for washing or drinking purposes, but for production
purposes as well. Moreover, with industrial wastewater, material valuable is lost,
which is petroleum. Therefore, combating the loss of petroleum materials with
industrial wastewater, as well as desalination and purification of this water is a matter
of social and economic importance.
This thesis deals with the membrane desalination of water pollution resulting
from the different stages of the petroleum industry (exploration, drilling, production,
refining, transportation and storage) as: water pollution includes all water sources on
the surface of the earth, whether fresh water or sea water, such as: seas, rivers, oceans
and groundwater.
In addition to the nanocellulose and the capsule that was used as a filler in the
membranes, several membranes were prepared mainly based on polyethersulfone as a
support layer, a layer of polyamide (needed for the desalination process), and
nanomaterial’s.
The membranes were prepared using the solvent phase separation process of
the polymer, while the activated carbon thin film (ACTF) were prepared from cotton,
and the nanocellulose was obtained using the hydrolysis method of agricultural waste.
Composite membranes were prepared to form the three types of membranes
that were used in desalination of water from the petroleum sector, as follows:
• A polyethersulfone based membrane (TFC).
• A polyethersulfone TFC membrane containing nanocellulose/activated carbon thin
film TFC@ACNCE membrane.
• A polyethersulfone membrane containing the microcapsules, which consist of poly
(urea formaldehyde) CPUTFC membrane.The characterization tools used to characterize the prepared nanomaterial’s
and composite membranes in this thesis includes the following:
XRD- spectroscopy, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, Contact Angle, Atomic
Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning electron Microscope (SEM), Transmitting
electron Microscope (TEM), Thermal Decomposition Measurement (TGA), Zeta
potential, as well as swelling measurement , wettability measurements and mechanical
properties of the prepared membranes.
By characterizing the prepared nanomaterial’s and membranes using Raman
and FTIR, the chemical structure and specific functional groups for each
nanomaterial’s and membranes were proven.
Also, through the use of XRD spectroscopy, the crystal structure of the prepared
nanomaterial’s was revealed, as it appeared that the prepared ACTF have a hybrid
nature as it contains graphene oxide sheets in combination with activated carbon with
crystalline size of 55-85 nm .It was also found that the prepared nanocellulose has a
specific crystalline nature with the size of 55 nm.
Through scanning electron microscope analysis, it has been proven that these
membranes surface changing from smooth to rough surface nature in the presence of
nanomaterial’s, and it shows that the capsules have a specific appearance and size
ranging between 40 to 60 µm, as well as the membranes containing ACTF showed
that its size ranged from 50 to 100 nm.
Through the result of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to test the thermal
stability of nanomaterial’s and composite membranes TFC, TFC@ACNCE and
CPUTFC, the thermal stability of the TFC @ ACNCE membrane more stable than the
TFC, and CPUTFC membranes, which in turn expands the industrial application
fields of the prepared membranes.
The membranes prepared in this thesis were evaluated by studying both the
efficiency and the durability of the membranes to harsh conditions of pressure and
heat in addition to studies of time and pH with studies on the concentration of salts in
the produced water and retention water in addition to calculating the amount and
concentration of salts that were reserved in the best conditions for the work of these
membranes in the desalination of water in the petroleum fields.Through this study which proved that the TFC@ACNCE membrane is capable
of desalinating water, as it gave the highest salt retention rate of 91% at a pressure of
90 bar compared to the TFC membrane, which gave a retention rate of 79% at pH 13
and after 7 hours it gave a retention rate 72.4%. As for the capsule, it gave a retention
rate of 78% for salts at a pressure of 90 bar and a temperature of 55C.
The study of membrane wettability or swelling also showed that the
adsorption process is important in the self-healing mechanism to understand the
penetration of mobile ions in the feed water, resulting from the driving force of the
potential chemical interaction with ions and the impeded nanomaterial’s of composite
membranes. The TFC showed a low degree of swelling compared to the other
composite membranes, whether TFC@ACNCE and CPUTFC membranes.
This indicates that the TFC@ACNCE membrane has higher water permeability
with higher ion-rejection efficiency compared to both the TFC and the membrane
containing microcapsule, which is related to the chemical composition of the
component of membrane structure.
The TFC@ACNCE membrane’s retention rate of salt and inorganic
contaminants increases from 60 to 96%. Therefore, we can say that the
TFC@ACNCE membrane have a higher resistance to antifouling than the TFC
membrane due to the hydrophilic structure of forming coordination bonds and ion
exchange with the ions present in the feed water of the composite membranes.
The TFC@ACNCE composite membrane containing 0.01 wt% ACTF
exhibited anti-scaling properties as well as lower water permeability during
measurement tests compared to other membranes. The high adsorption capacity of
TFC @ ACNCE towards calcium ion is due to the adsorption sites, including the
bonding of the carboxyl group -COOH, -NH group, -NH group, and -OH hydroxyl
groups.The prepared membrane TFC@ACNCE offers a high rejection rate and high
fouling resistant. During the damaging process of the TFC@ACNCE membrane, the
original membrane quality can be restored through the self-healing process, this
extending the life time of the TFC@ACNCE membrane in comparing with other
membranes. In addition to the scaling resistance experiments on TFC and TFC@ACNCE, CPUTFC membranes, this provided the superiority of the
TFC@ACNCE membrane over the rest of the membranes in preventing the formation
of inorganic scale and stabilizing the flow rate and ion rejection.
The mechanical properties of TFC@ACNCE membrane can be attributed to
the uniform distribution of ACTF sheets in the polysulfone matrix, watching
benefiting from the interconnected 3D porous network structure of the ACTF aerogel
type used and the good interface adhesion in the face of both inorganic and organic
contaminants in comparing with other two membranes. TFC@ACNCE as a good
structural desalination membrane for self-healing in the future.