الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the vegetation cover in Wadi Kaam, northwest Libya, about 130 km east of Tripoli, assess the plant diversity at species and community levels in the different habitats of Wadi Kaam, highlight the goods and services provided by its natural vegetation cover and assess the different types of threats that affect the vegetation cover of the study area and recommend how to protect it. Thirty-nine field trips carried out to study the vegetation during March - June in 2019. Data was recorded and vegetation was sampled from 60 quadrats in 20 stands (100×100 m2) distributed randomly in four habitats estuary, dam lake, wadi bed and upstream of the Wadi. 152 species were recorded in the present study belonging to 117 genera and 38 families. Family of Asteraceae is the highest contribution (30 species and 18 genera). After the application of the TWINSPAN, 152 species were classified into 4 groups at the third level of classifcation, these groups were named according to the first dominant species (common species) as following; G1: Peganum harmala group G2: Stipa tenacissima group G3: Lobularia libyca group G4: Asparagus horridus group. Habitat of Wadi bed had the highest number of species (78 species) = 52% of the total). Therophytes were the most represented (47% of total species). Two endemics are recorded (Herniaria ericifolia C.C.Towns. and Poa vaginata Pamp). Mediterranean element was the most represented (35.5 % of the total species). Most of species are flowered in April (79.3%), while the minimum was in August (8.6%). In addition, 94 species (62%) provide at least one good to the local inhabitants, sixty species of them (40% of total) were medicinal, while most of the recorded species provide environmental services. At the same time, vegetation was affected by nine types of threats; over-grazing and urban-agricultural expansion were the most affected of them, However, all threats had a negative effect with varying degrees on all habitats and plant species in the Wadi.