الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The liver is a crucial hub for a myriad of physiological processes, so it is not surprising that liver diseases comprising hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma result in higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most severe and lethal outcome of all major chronic liver diseases. Because of the variable prevalence of underlying risk factors, the global incidence of HCC is heterogeneous. HCC is considered as one of the most challenging tumors with high incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. It is the world’s sixth most frequently observed cancer and the fourth in terms of mortality. Nearly half of the data on HCC in Africa came from Egypt. Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of Egyptian patients with chronic liver disease who have HCC (from 4.0 % to 7.3 %). Moreover, HCC is expected to be a major cause of cancer related deaths in Egypt (32.35% of the total cancer deaths.