الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Prevalence of obesity [having a (BMI) more than 30 kg/m2] have risen rapidly in both Western and developing nations over the last several decades
Obesity is still a major national and worldwide health issue, as well as it can contribute to multiple severe illnesses. Obesity is currently one of the World Health Organization’s global non communicable disease objectives, owing to its rising global prevalence over the last few decades.Obesity is assessed by different ways including anthropometric measures and different imaging techniques.
Obesity is thought to be a multifactorial process. Environmental ,behavioral along with genetics participate in its pathogenesis leading to disequilibrium between energy consumption and loss.
Insulin resistance is characterized as a reduction in insulin’s actions on glucose metabolism. Several mechanisms for insulin resistance and its association with obesity were discovered.
FGF-23, is a protein that regulates phosphate homeostasis as well as bone mineralization.
The skeleton is engaged in energy balance and adipose metabolism homeostatic mechanisms.