الفهرس 
Breath-holding spells (BHS)
Subjects and MethodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breath-holding spells are non-epileptic paroxysmal, involuntary, reflexive, clinical phenomena observed in early child- hood, affecting approximately 5% of healthy children. The clinical types are described based on the child’s coloration (pallid or cyanotic) during the spell. Episodes of BHS are described as infants crying, for up to a minute, and while crying excessively they will hold their breath to a point at which they might lose consciousness. Many episodes of breath holding are associated with an inciting incident in which the infant is irritated, is being disciplined, or is angry. Antioxidants are the first line of defense against free radical damage and are critical for maintaining optimum health and wellbeing. The main characteristics of the antioxidants are the ability to trap free radicals and to protect the systems of the body against reactive oxygen species. An imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems might be involved in the pathophysiology of breath holding spells.