الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Success in implant surgery does not merely depend upon achieving osseointegration but also on the establishment of an ideal base for implant-supported prosthetic restorations. Inadequate bone volume predisposes the risk of placement in anatomically unfavorable positions, thus leading to implant failure. Therefore, augmentation of insufficient bone volume is indicated prior to or in conjunction with implant placement to attain predictable long-term functioning and an aesthetic treatment outcome.
The present study was conducted to evaluate osteoblast viability in the particulate bone graft harvested by two different techniques. The first technique is milling of a bone block while the second technique is auto chip maker bone drill.
The present study was conducted on samples of four dogs, divided into two groups (group I and group II). Dogs were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria from the Faculty of the Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University.
The present experimental design was to investigate the effects of two different techniques on the viability of osteoblasts that are contained in particulate autogenous bone. The first technique (GI) is the milling of a bone block by the bone mill, and the second technique is the auto chip maker (GII).
After cell isolation, cells were maintained in α-MEM supplemented with 1% antibiotics -antimycotic (10,000 U/mL penicillin, 10,000μg/mL, streptomycin, and 25μg/mL Amphotericin B).
The following assay parameters were conducted to determine cell viability after 2weeks of osteoblast seeding: alkaline phosphatase activity, MTT assay, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and Alizarin Red staining.
Both techniques presented in the present study, bone mill and auto chip maker, showed significant improvement in all parameters in the post-seeded cells, especially using the ACM approach. Indeed, the viable cell count was higher in ACM group.
The results of the present study revealed that the osteoblasts viability, activity, and tissue formation were statistically significant in the auto chip maker group compared to the bone mill group.
As regards the MTT assay in cell proliferation, statistically significant higher values were obtained in the ACM group compared to the bone mill group over the four consecutive assessments
Regarding osteoblastic differentiation of the outgrowing cells at the level of mRNA, results revealed that the auto chip maker group demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of cell differentiation compared to the bone mill group, and this result favored the auto chip maker technique over the bone mill technique in the viability and differentiation status of the outgrowing cells.
The result of the Alizarin Red staining test demonstrated that the auto chip maker test group revealed a significantly higher percentage of mineralized tissue formation compared to the bone mill test group.