الفهرس 
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Abstract
Deep beams are structural members known for their large depth relative to span length compared to ordinary beams. The practice of the deep beams shown clearly in structures as wall footings, transfer girder, shear walls, tanks...etc. Improving the design of deep beams with
openings is a worthwhile goal towards achieving durable, serviceable, and safe reinforced concrete structures. Also, the flange effect should be considered as the flanges strengthen the compression zones of deep beams and generally prevent shear, compression rupture and improve the shear
strength. In the present work, the behaviour of T-shaped RC deep beams with openings under different loading conditions is studied. The predictions of the structural behavior of T-shaped RC deep beams having openings using finite element (FE) program (ANSYS V19.1) are validated with the experimental tests in the literature. Furthermore, parametric studies are performed to study the response of T-shaped RC deep beams with openings under different loading conditions.
Finally, a strut-and-tie model was constructed to verify the experimental results. The idealized curve of the uniaxial stress-strain relationship was considered in the nonlinear finite element analysis ANSYS computer program for the concrete in compression and
tension. Bilinear stress-strain curve is adopted for steel reinforcement in tension and compression.
A brief introduction to ANSYS computer program is presented with including definitions of different element types, meshing, simulation techniques and loading boundary conditions.
Convergence, failure criteria, mesh sensitivity and solution procedures are discussed as well. In the validation studies, four case studies are presented to check the availability of ANSYS program in modeling normal and high strength reinforced concrete deep beams with opening and without openings.
The main validated parameters were size and location of opening, the effect of concrete strength (fc`), longitudinal reinforcement ratios and flange dimensions.The predicted results from
the numerical models are compared by the experimental results available in the literature. For all case studies, the predictions of load-carrying capacity, load-deflection response and the cracking patterns from the numerical models show a good agreement with the experimental results. Then,
the validated finite element models are used to perform parametric studies to investigate the structural behavior of T-shaped RC deep beams having openings. The main parameters predicted
herein include the flange dimensions, shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d), concrete strength (fcu), size
and location of the opening, VL and HZ stirrups ratios and loading type.
Using an existing strut-and-tie model for RC deep beams with openings, shear capacities
of 71 test results were predicted to validate the experimental and NLFE results. Comparison of the
results of the existing STM with 71 test results in the literature showed that the existing model performs well in predicting the ultimate shear carrying capacity of deep beams. Based on the
obtained good results from the validation studies, all NLFEM beams of the parametric studies were analysed using CAST software (computer-aided strut and tie) with the same STM equations. The overall average value of the ratio between NLFE and predicted strengths is 1.157 with standard deviation of value 0.116.