الفهرس 
E PIDURAL A NAELGEISA A NATOMY P ROCEDUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
T
he progression of osteoarthritis is characteristically slow, occurring over several years or decades. Over this period, the patient can become less and less active and thus more susceptible to morbidities related to decreasing physical activity including Potential Weight Gain.
Early in the disease process, the joints may appear normal. However, the patient’s gait may be antalgic if weight-bearing joints are involved.
Pain is usually the initial source of morbidity in osteoarthritis, with the disease’s primary symptom being deep, achy joint pain exacerbated by extensive use. Also, reduced range of motion and crepitus are frequently present. Stiffness during rest (gelling) may develop, with morning joint stiffness usually lasting for less than 30 minutes. (Lozada, 2020).
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis accounting for about 30% of general physician visits (Kramer et al., 1983). It may be defined as a heterogeneous group of conditions that lead to joint symptoms and signs which are associated with defective integrity of articular cartilage, in addition to related changes in the underlying bone and at the joint margins (Altman et al., 1986). It is usually classified as either primary (idiopathic) or secondary associated with a known condition. Although OA is present by histologic or radiographic criteria in nearly 80.0% of people by the age of 80 years, only half have symptoms (Hochberg et al., 1989) and these are often variable and intermittent. There is a modest correlation between the presence of symptoms and the severity of anatomic changes (Islam et al., 2013).
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a viable treatment for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee refractory to conservative measures. In those with endstage degenerative changes compromising the articular cartilage affecting multiple compartments of the knee, the literature has yet to identify a potentially viable alternative option for the regeneration of cartilage. Thus, TKA has demonstrated reproducible, longterm, successful results in such patients concerning outcomes of decreased pain and improved overall quality of life (Gemayel and Varacallo, 2019).