الفهرس 
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Abstract
Tooth development is genetically controlled but susceptible to environmental disturbances. Disturbances during the transitional and maturation stages of amelogenesis result in pathologically soft, hypomineralized enamel. The stage of development of the dentition is dependent on the age and therefore, susceptibility of different teeth or tooth groups to developmental disturbances at different times varies.
The crowns of human permanent incisors and first molars mineralize during the first year of life and therefore they are at greatest risk for developmental enamel defects such as fluorosis and molar incisor hypomineralization during that period. In early childhood, a high proportion of children get antibiotics for the treatment of acute otitis media or other common childhood infections. Antibiotic intake could also be necessary during mother pregnancy. Unictam (Ampicillin/Sulbactam) is considered to be a drug of choice to many physicians as it considered safe during childhood and pregnancy.
Unictam is one of the Beta lactam broad spectrum antibiotics formed by combination of Ampicillin and Sulbactam. Ampicillin is known to work by binding to Penicillin-binding proteins to inhibit bacterial cell wall
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Summary
synthesis and bacterial cell death. However, resistant pathogens may produce B-lactamase enzymes that can inactivate Ampicillin through hydrolysis so, addition of Sulbactam prohibits this resistance.
Aim of the study:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of chronic administration of Ampicillin/Sulbactum in pregnant Albino rats mothers & their offsprings on the development & mineralization of enamel of the mandibular first molars in the offsprings.
Material & methods:
Drug:
Unictam (Ampicillin and Sulbactam); a broad spectrum antibiotic was used. The drug is a product of Medical Union pharmaceutical company. Which is prepared for intrapertonael injection
Animal grouping:
This study was conducted on twenty eight young Albino rats pups. Firstly, eight female rats were mated with males, then assurance of pregnancy was done by vaginal smear. They were randomly divided into two main groups: control and experimental groups.
group I (Control group):
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Summary
Consisted of four pregnant mothers that received sterile water intraperitoneally daily from day 13 of pregnancy for nine days till the end of pregnancy. The delivered pups received sterile water for additional eleven days postnatally. The pups were subdivided into two equal subgroups (seven pups each):
Subgroup IA: pups of this subgroup were sacrificed on the 12th day after birth corresponding to their experimental subgroup.
Subgroup IB: pups of this subgroup were sacrificed on the 28th days after birth corresponding to their experimental subgroup.
group II (experimental group):
The four Pregnant mothers of this group were injected intraperitoneally once daily with 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) Unictam for nine days from day thirteen of pregnancy till day twenty one (end of pregnancy). Their pups were subdivided into two equal subgroups, seven pups each, which continued to take the drug for eleven days postnatally:
Subgroup IIA: Pups of this subgroup were sacrificed on the 12th day after birth after taking Unictam for additional 12 days.
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Summary
Subgroup IIB: Pups of this subgroup were sacrificed on the 28th day after birth after taking Unictam for additional 12 days.
Results:
Light microcospic results:
H&E stained sections of subgroup IIA showed an apparent reduction in enamel matrix thickness compared with subgroup IA. The morphometric analysis showed that the reduction was statistically non-significant.
There was an apparent reduction in enamel thickness in ground section of mandibular first molar of subgroup IIB compared to subgroup IB, although the difference in enamel thickness was found statistically non- significant.
Scanning electron microscope results:
Enamel surface of the experimental subgroups IIB presented different shapes of defects e.g pores and fissures while control subgroup IB showed an even smooth surface.
Quantitative computerized tomography results:
The results showed that the density of enamel in experimental subgroup IIB was less than that of control subgroup IB and the difference was statistically significant.