الفهرس 
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Abstract
Impact of Foliar Spray by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Peanut Productivity
A field experiment was conducted at El-Farfra, New valley Governorate, Egypt; during 2017 and 2018 seasons to study the Impact of Foliar spray by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on peanut productivity. The field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using a strip plot arrangement with three replications. Zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations (0 [control), 200, 400 and 600 ppm) were allotted horizontally while, the cultivars NC9, Gregory and Ismailia were a signed vertically. Control plants were treated with water (without ZnO NPs) while the others were sprayed by the certain concentration of ZnO NPs. The experimental unit area was 10.5 m2 (3x3.5 m). All other cultural practices recommended for peanut crop were done in both seasons. The results obtained in this study could be summarized as follows:
1- Plant height (cm)
The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among studied peanut cultivars, amongzinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations and for their interaction in both seasons.In both seasons, the plant height of the tested peanut cultivars was increased by increasing the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Since, NC9 cultivar was tallest plant height and recorded 56.23 and 65.28 cm in 2017 and 2018, respectively. While Ismailia cultivar was the shortest ones and recorded 49.15 and 62.23 cm in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The plants which were sprayed by 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentration gave the tallest plants, while the shortest plants were observed in control treatment.
2 - Number of branches / Plant
The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations in both seasons. The highest mean values of number of branches/plant were obtained from 400 and 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentrations in the 2017 and 2018 seasons, respectively. While the lowest number of branches/plant were observed under control treatment in the in the 2017 and 2018 seasons, respectively. There were non-significant differences among studied peanut cultivars for number of branches/plant in the first season, while highly significant differences among them were observed in the second season. Moreover, NC9 cultivar was superior in number of branches/plant and gave the highest mean value of number of branches/plant in both seasons. Also, the interaction between peanut cultivars and zinc concentrations was highly significant in both seasons. 3 - Number of pods / Plant
Highly significant differences were observed among zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations for number of pods/plant in both seasons Since, the highest mean values of number of pods/plant (71.62 and 83.40 in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained when plants sprayed with 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentrations, while the lowest values (38.11 and 34.04) were observed under control treatment in both seasons. Also, There were highly significant differences among studied peanut cultivars in the second season only. Ismailia and NC9 peanut cultivars recorded the highest number of pods/plant in 2017 and 2018 seasons, respectively. While the lowest number of pods/plant were obtained by Gregory and Ismailia cultivars in the first and second seasons, respectively. Also, the exhibited data referredto significant interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars in the second season only.
4: Pods weight / Plant:
The analysis of variance reveled highly significant differences among zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations for pods weight/plant in both seasons. Furthermore, the heaviest values of pod weight / plant (117.22 and 104.88 g in the two respective seasons) were obtained from 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentration, while the thinnest ones (55.62 and 51.00 g in the two respective seasons) were found at the control.In addition, there were non-significant differences among studied peanut cultivars for pods weight in both seasons. NC9 and Ismailia peanut cultivars were surpassed Gregory cultivar in pods weight/plant and registered the heaviest values of pod weight/plant (87.50 and 79.25 g) in 2017 and 2018 seasons, respectively. Also, the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars was a highly significant in both seasons.
5:Weight of 100 seeds (g):
Significantly differences were observed among zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations in both seasons. The maximum mean values of this trait were 88.88 and 100.55 g in the first and second seasons, respectively which were obtained from peanut plants which were sprayed by ZnO NPs concentration at 600 ppm. While the minimum values were 73.33 and 81.66 g in the first and second seasons which were found at 200 ppm. Non-significant differences were observed among studied peanut cultivars for weight of 100 seeds in both seasons. Gregory and NC9 cultivars were surpassed Ismailia cultivar in this respect and registered the maximum values of 82.50 and 94.16 g for the weight of 100 seeds in the first and second seasons, respectively. Moreover, the interaction between ZnONPs concentrations and peanut cultivars failed to reach a significant effect at 5% level of probability in both seasons.
6- Seed weight/plant (g):
Highly significant differences were noticed among studied zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) concentrations for seed weight/plant (g) in the two growing seasons. Thus, the heaviest mean values of seed weight/plant were 52.33 and 47.36 g in the first and second seasons, respectively which were obtained from 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentration. While the thinnest values of seed weight/plant were 41.67and 34.33 g in the two respective seasons which were found at the control in both seasons. Moreover, the ANOVA revealed highly significant differences among tested peanut cultivars in the first season only. In addition, NC9 and Gregory peanut cultivars were superior Ismailia in this respect and gave the heaviest mean values of seeds weight/plant (49.00 and 40.21g in the first and second season, respectively). Also, the obtained data revealed highly significant interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivar in the second season only..
7 -%) Shelling percentage ):
Significant differences were detected among zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) concentrations for shelling percentage in the first season only. Since, the highest mean valuesof this trait (47.57 and 52.94 in the two respective seasons) were obtained from 200 ppm ZnO NPs concentration in the first season and from control in the second one. Also, significant differences were observed among peanut cultivars for shelling percentage in the first season. NC9 cultivar was superior Gregory and Ismailia cultivars in this respect and gave the maximum mean value of shelling percentage (49.51) in the first season. While Ismailia cultivar gave the maximum percentage of shelling (53.25 %) in the second season. While the lowest mean values of shelling percentage were 42.19 and 50.20 % which were achieved with Gregory cultivar in the first and second seasons, respectively. While the lowest ones were 42.72 and 50.88 % in the first and second seasons, respectively, which were found at 600 ppm ZnO NPs. Furthermore, the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars was highly significant.
8- Biological yield/fed.
The maximum mean values of biological yield trait (1.62 and 1.70 kg in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentration, while the minimum one (1.22 and 1.11) was found at the control and 200 ppm in the first and second seasons, respectively Since, the studied peanut cultivars had a highly significant influence on biological yield trait in second season only. Moreover, NC9 and Gregory cultivars were superior Ismailia one in this trait and gave the maximum mean values of biological yield trait (1.42 and 1.44 kg in the two respective seasons). Biological yield (kg/fed.) trait reacted significantly to the tested zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations (ZnO NPs) in the second growing season.. Concerning the interaction effect on biological yield trait, the ANOVA revealed highly significant interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars in the second season only.
9-Seed yield (kg/ fed)
Seed yield trait reacted significantly (P≤0.01) to the tested zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations (ZnO NPs) in the two growing seasons. Since, the highest mean values of seed yield trait were 588.09 and 659.64 kg/fed. in the first and second seasons, respectively which were obtained from 600 ppm of ZnO NPs concentration in both seasons. Also, the results denote that the tested peanut cultivars had a significant influence on seed yield trait in the first season only. Furthermore, NC9 cultivar was superior Gregory and Ismailia and gave the highest mean values of seedyield trait (574.40 and 587.13 kg/fed. in the two respective seasons). Also, the results revealed that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars was non- significant in both seasons.
10- Oil percentage (%):
There were highly significant differences among tested zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) concentrations for oil percentage in the two growing seasons. Thus, the highest mean values of oil percentage (50.20 and 49.01% in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from 400 ppm ZnO NPs concentration. Furthermore, there were highly significant differences among tested peanut cultivars for oil percentage in both seasons. Moreover, Ismailia and Gregory cultivars gave the highest mean values of oil percentage (49.91 and 48.48 % in the first and second seasons, respectively). The interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars was highly significant.concentrations and peanut cultivars was highly significant.
11- Oil yield (kg/fed.)
There were highly significant differences among tested zinc oxide nanoparticles concentrations for oil yield in both seasons. The highest mean values of oil yield (295.23 and 321.73 kg/fed. in the first and second seasons, respectively) were obtained from 400 and 600 ppm ZnO NPs concentration. While peanut cultivars failed to reach a significant effect at 5% level of probability in the two growing seasons. Hence, Gregory and Ismailia cultivars in this respect gave the highest mean values of oil yield (278.14and 279.63 kg/fed in the two respective seasons). Also, the obtained data revealed that the interaction between ZnO NPs concentrations and peanut cultivars was highly significant.