الفهرس 
الفصل الأوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Decision making process, commonly, and specially in public relations, is considered the most important base for successful management in tourist organizations . Also, the various leadership styles have great effect on decision making process , specially those of public relations, either it was” democratic ”, based on participation with workers in decisions making , ” autocratic ”, based on authority of leader who can only make decisions and give orders to workers to carry out with out any consideration about their opinions and feelings , or ” Laissez- Faire ” style of leading which let work and workers do their tasks without directions of leader .
Now, it has been clear and obvious, that marketing and public relations decisions, are the most important for tourist institutions – to be taken accurately and effectively – for their essential vital role in tourist promotion and in improving tourist institution image. On the other hand we find public relatins decisions are the most sensitivity and related decisions with leadership style, as the importance the leader give to public relations, which will reflect on: ( the position near or far from the top management , the financial support for their tasks and activities , and the due care to choose their practicioners) . The leadership style also , either it was democratic, autocratic, or ” Laissez-Faire” will affect the way and the effectiveness of decisions making process of public relations.
Although there are many searches and studies of leadership and its effects , the tourist institutions sector, suffers a lack of such studies and searches which discuss leadership styles and their effects on public relations decisions and their efficiency .
So, this study came to spot on the leadership styles practised in Egyptian tourist institutions in the great Cairo governorates ( Alkahera, AlGiza , and Al Kalyobia ), and their effects on public relations decisions and their efficiency, as the first chapter includes leadership styles in Egyptian tourist institutions ( leadership concept , its importance, functions, styles , levels, theories , the power factors of administrative leaders, and the description of the ideal strategic leader. The second chapter includes the efficiency of public relations decisions in Egyptian tourist institutions, the concept of decision making process , its factors, characteristics, stages, factors affecting , difficulties …The third chapter included the methodological steps and stages of the practical study ( previous studies, the problem , its importance, aims, hypothesis and questions), it included also the type of search, methodology, tools of collecting data, frame and samples of the study, style of statistical treatment, and the main concepts of the study. Finally, the fourth chapter included the most important results of the practical study .
The study problem and importance :
With considering the important role of leadership in business institutions, and specially in tourist institutions, as it is considered the main dynamic and motivator factor to continue their work, through its famous functions of planning, organizing, directing, control, and leadership.
And with considering, also, the importance of decisions making process, and specially the decisions of public relations, as an essence of the administration process, according to Simon, specially in tourist institutions, such sector that support and motivate the national economy of Egypt, and that is also in a continuous and fast change and development, and became in a bad need to reconsider their traditional and classic types of leadership and to replace new types that help to increase the efficiency of the administrative decisions, specially those of public relations, such as transformational leadership , and specially after the various crisis and changes they faced and still facing since 25 January revolution 2011, 30 June revolution 2013, and their accordingly political and security disturbances , Moreover the Russian plane crash in Sinai by the end of 2015 , and lately with ( Covid-19 ) since 2020 and until now .
So, the main question of the study can be: what are the leadership styles that tourist institutions in Cairo – in both sectors (business and private), follow to manage their public relations ? And what are the effects of these leadership styles practiced on the efficiency of public relations decisions.
The study aims :
1- Identifying the main leadership styles that tourist institutions in Cairo – in both sectors (business and private) follow to administrate their public relations?
2- Identifying the way that top leadership or public relations management – behave to solve problems related to public relations decisions in tourist institutions?
3- Identifying the most important public relations decisions that top management or public relations management intends to carry out in the future?
4- Identifying the correlation between the leadership style followed, and the efficiency determinates of public relations decisions.
The study theories :
The study puts its hypothesis and questions according to the following theories:
1- x & y theories for the autocratic and democratic of ”Douglas McGregor” according to the behavioral theories of leadership developed by ”Taylor”.
2- The behavioral entrance connected with human relations and motivations that started by ”Mayo Elton”.
3- The determinates of the decision making efficiency theory , developed by ” Yaghi,2002”:
1- The ease of carrying out.
2- The acceptability for the concerned people.
3- The suitable time of carrying out the decision.
The main hypothesis :
1- The three classical leadership styles (autocratic, democratic, and Laissez- Faire) are practiced in both sectors of the tourist institutions of the study.
2-There is a positive correlation between the democratic leadership style and the efficiency of public relations decision making process? 3- There is a positive correlation between the Laissez-Faire leadership style, and the efficiency of public relations decision making process.
4- there is a negative correlation between the autocratic leadership style , and the efficiency of public relations decision making process .
The study type and methodology:
This study is considered a descriptive study, as it described the actual practice of leadership of both sectors in tourist institutions of the study (business and private) in Cairo, it described also the effects of those leadership styles practiced on the efficiency of public relations decisions.
The methodology of the study was media survey of practicing styles, on two dimensions as follow:
1- top management or public relations management level: by the tool of regulated interviews with number of them. 2- Practitioner’s level: by the tool of questionnaires.
And a comparison was done between the two sectors of the study to know leadership styles practiced, and their effects on the about
efficiency of public relations decision making process .
Tools of data collecting :
1- Regulated interviews.
2-questionnaires .
3-comparison tool .
The study frame and sample identifying :
The geographical field of the study sample included a number of formal and informal tourist institutions in the great Cairo governorates ( Al Kahera , Al Giza , and Al Kalyobia ) as follow:
a) for the regulated interviews :
1- for business sector : the sample included the two leaders of the only two tourist institutions in the business sector: ( Egypt Air) concerned to ( Misr Tourism Company) , and the Egyptian General Organization for tourism and hotels (EGOTH) . 2- for institutions of special sector : the sample included 7 leaders of the following tourist institutions : ( Tamima , Khatab , AbuSamra , Betko Travel , Engaz Tours , Alhelal , and Emico ) .
b) For the questionnaires :
1- for business sector : the sample was selected by the complete census style, of all the public relations practitioners of the only two institutions of the sector as shown previously as 121 totally, ( 85 of Egypt Air, and 36 of EGOTH ) .
2- for institutions of private sector : the intentional sample included totally 267 practitioners of the special sector of the tourist institutions distributed as follow : ( 6 of Nilestar tours , 5 of Khatab, 6 of Nagd, 8 of Audio Egypt Travel Service , 12 of Mac, 5 of Discount, 16 of Eldelta , 8 of AW travel , 7 of Refada , 9 of Ican , 9 of Golden Bird , 11 of Kimit , 12 of Elhelal , 9 of Elbakry Overseas , 5 of Farah tours , 7 of Safir , 4 of AbuSamra , 3 of Betko ) of the middle Cairo region , and ( 11 of Saveway ) of Nasr city region , and ( 23 of Kozmos , 21 of Elhanoov , 18 of Eltaiar , 4 of Lacoast , 9 of Dreamers , 11 of Moreshare , 10 of Kalovida ) of Gameaa Aldowal region , and ( 7 of Birwin , 6 of Asiad travel ) of Elsheraton Housing region , to collect 267 practitioners as total , and to collect totally 400 practitioners of the study as a whole, and to collect 388 practitioners, after the exclusion of 12 invalid questionnaires .
The main results:
1- Concerned to the most important problems that public relations practitioners face to carry out public relations decisions , it is notable – in business sector – differences between the opinions of the managers and the practitioners – as although the two managers agreed about the absence of important obstacles against carrying out public relation decisions , the practitioners on the other hand , posed many problems that face them against carrying out public relations decisions , the most important of them , was to find enthusiasm in persons who carry out the decisions , and shortage of financial appropriations at the first stage , with nearly consensus , in the rate of (99.17%) to the first , and (98.35%) to the second , then to affect on the other parties to participate solving the problems ( 97.52%) , and that follows , the top management lateness to subscribe to events , and the absence of studies related to tradition and expected tourist markets , in the same rate (95.87%) , then the others acceptance for your point of view (88.43%) , following that –in later stages and in lower rates – came absence of sufficient information , and negligence of tourist institutions subscribing to different tourist events , in the rates (35.54%) and ( 34.71%) in the same order , thus , the results was negative in both sectors , although it was less intense in the private sector , where it was agreement of both managers and practitioners that the shortage of financial appropriations is the most important problems that stands against carrying out public relations decisions and activities , as practitioners agree in the rate (73.78%) , besides the over or exaggerated costs of public relations activities , as some fairs exceed 4 or 5 thousand dollars , also publications production costs that mostly exceed the tourist institutions abilities , moreover the shortage of time and the need for speed in decisions making are of the most important problems .
2- There is a great agreement of both managers and practitioners , in both sectors of the study , that most of the practitioners have the essential qualifications and skills necessary for carrying out public relations activities , as it was semi-consensus agreement of private sector practitioners on that in the rate of (95.13%) .
3- Concerned to the way that leaders in tourist institutions behave to solve the problems related to public relations , and either it is alone in making a decision , or allows practitioners and other workers to participate , it is observable that there is a difference between managers and practitioners opinions – in the business sector – as managers say that the democratic style of leadership is the applied one , as it is allowed to all workers to state their ( out of box opinions ) – by Mr./Ehab Alhalawany expression to achieve the intended goals of institution , we find the big rate of practitioners see that managers only who make decisions , whereas (30.58%) of them see that managers participate with workers in decisions making .
- Whereas, on the other hand – in private sector – there is an observable agreement of both managers and practitioners , that the democratic and the participation with workers opinions of leadership style is applied many times , and they also gather the democratic style with the ” Laissez- Faire ” style , in other times that require quickness and flexibility , end gather the democratic style with autocratic style of leading in clear-cut and important decisions , such as registering for an exhibition , or collecting with a specific group , so the bigger rate of practitioners (86.52%) confirms that the democratic style of leadership is the applied one , and that indicates the high awareness of managers of the importance of workers participation in decisions making .
4- There is a great agreement of both managers and practitioners – in business sector - on the high availability of information and its diversity of sources , as the most important of them were the” Tourism room” and the ” Ministry of Tourism ” , Also , relations with colleagues in the other tourist institutions , Moreover , the internet may present
useful information related to the field , and it was semi- consensus of practitioners about the same results in the rate of (95.8%) .
The Main Recommendations:
1- The need to pay attention to infrastructure (road networks, transportation, public utility, security …), as the main weak points in Egypt, and as the most important component of the tourist offer. And that was the same meaning that tourist managers confirmed saying: ”there is no point of any marketing efforts, with weak infrastructure ”.
2- The need to raise the level of wages and salaries of practitioners in Egyptian tourist institutions, as one of the most important factors of job satisfaction of workers.
3- The need to confirm on leadership with care to the human beings , and leading with emotional intelligence , based on participation with workers in decisions making , as one of the most important factors of leadership to achieve job satisfaction of workers .
4- Concerned to public relations and tourist marketing decisions, it is recommended to:
1- Raise the budget devoted for tourist marketing, and to support the partnership between the three sectors of the country (public, business, and private).
2- Make benefits of the experiences of the tourist competitive countries , as posing marketing and public relations programs that characterized as actual and beneficial to the clients , as ” Dubai Campaign ” , for example , that characterized by offering the different places , and the times of visiting , by days and hours .
3- Keep the factors of uniqueness and originality and to be away from a blind imitation to the other countries campaigns, and to confirm the Egyptian identity, and to use the Egyptian human beings in such tourist public relations and marketing activities.