الفهرس 
الفصل الأوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Summary
Arab or Egyptian studies didn’t address the subject of the study, (Robert Walpole and his role in the British Whig Party (1676-1745AD( Except in broad points, despite the importance of the research period (1676AD-1745AD) and the diversity of its topics, There have been many studied facts such as the transfer of the rule of Great Britain to the Hanover Dynasty, the fall of the Stuart family, the beginning of the position of Prime Minister, the hegemony of the Whig Party, the extent of party development and democratic life in Britain, The study also allowed a detailed look at international crises to clarify the behavior of Great Britain in managing crises in the European continent and the results of this, The study also allowed to know the nature of the utilitarian and ideological conflicts that existed between European countries, and on the other hand, the study explains the mechanisms and foundations of dealing with local and economic crises and the impact of cultural centers on Britain and the extent of freedom enjoyed by the British people under the government of Robert Walpole.
This study also aimed to give an evident picture of the factors of the emergence of the position of Prime Minister and the role of Robert Walpole in this, studying the methods used by Walpole to manage the country’s affairs locally and internationally, As well as learning about the partisan and parliamentary development during the government of Robert Walpole in order for Great Britain to be taken as a model in Egypt, in addition to highlighting the nature of British-European relations and clarifying Robert Walpole’s relationship with the rule of the Hanover family on the country and the impact of each on the other, in addition to highlighting the most important international treaties In terms of the circumstances and effect of each treaty.
In terms of the methods followed in this study, it relied on the analytical method in order to try to analyze the period and local affairs in Great Britain to understand the personality of the research and its techniques and how to deal with it and to identify the causes and results of this through critiquing and analyzing the scientific material, which is the method used. In addition to the descriptive historical method in order to trace historical events and decisive events in the European continent and international relations.
In order to complete this study, its sources were varied. In addition to historical documents, whether published or unpublished, which included records in different places, including the British Archive, which included various records such as : records SP 35, record SP 41, record SP 44, record SP 54 and others, also another collection of documents from the British Library in London, Cambridge University Library.
And a variety of sources, including Walpole’s biographer William Coxe (1748 – 8 June 1828) The Memoirs of the Life and Administration of Sir Robert Walpole, whose three parts are indispensable to know the events of that period locally and internationally and to study the personality, Cox relied on a huge group of documentation for the production of this work, Jeremy Black’s work contributed (born 30 October 1955) is a British historian who has written numerous books on British politics and international relations in the eighteenth century. Most of his writings are based primarily on archival works and other sources. And many historical periodicals at Oxford University, the British Library General and the Historical Journal were also relied upon, which relied on different archival materials, In addition to a different set of contemporary writings of the period, such as the books of Robert Walpole, and issues of the charvetsman newspaper, a group of other sources, periodicals, Arabic and foreign references and letters were used, which provided the research with more information and clarification to complete the research.
The study was divided into an introduction and six chapters:
In the preface, the researcher tried to focus on the evolution of Parliament and its increasing powers, in addition to monitoring the development of parties in terms of their establishment, goals and principles of the Whig Party and the Tori Party.
The First chapter, which was entitled ”Robert Walpole and the Impact of Internal Crises on Him (1676-1720AD)”, focused on the upbringing of Robert Walpole, and the study of internal crises that played a role in shaping his thought and principles, such as: The trial of Staffel in 1710 AD, the Jacobite plans in 1715 AD, also put forward some international affairs and their impact on ministerial relations and his relations with the king, in addition to a set of parliamentary laws, and the crisis of the South Sea bubble in 1720 AD, which opened a door for him to reach the presidency.
The Second chapter, entitled ”The Internal Policy of Robert Walpole’s Government (1721-1742 AD)”, the researcher traced the development of the position of the British Prime Minister, and how Robert Walpole controlled the administration of the government, and the extent of the impact of the Waterbury plot in 1722 AD in consolidating his authority, and how he dealt with riots Edinburgh in 1737 AD, in addition to studying the role of Robert Walpole in Parliament and his relationship with the Hanoverian family.
The Third chapter, entitled ”The Economic Policy of Robert Walpole’s Government (1721AD-1742 AD)”, the researcher sought to know the extent to which Robert Walpole exploited Parliament in strengthening his economic policy that wanted to preserve the country’s security from the danger of wars and bankruptcy and his desire to repay debts, also following a number of The economic crises that faced Robert Walpole’s government, such as the Edinburgh riot against the mint in 1725, the Glasgow riot against the barley tax in 1725, and the customs tax crisis in 1736 is the most serious economic crisis on Robert Walpole’s authority himself despite its benefits approved by many, except that it was poorly promoted; The opposition wanted to oppose Robert Walpole’s ideas, not the customs tax project, which eventually led Robert Walpole to abandon his project.
The Fourth chapter, entitled ”The Foreign Policy of Robert Walpole’s Government (1721 AD-1742 AD)” The researcher aimed to reveal the mechanisms of Robert Walpole’s control in international affairs and his relations with European countries in general and France in particular. And how Robert Walpole, the supporter of peace, managed to overcome one of the most dangerous crises within the continent without engaging in a war for more than twenty years, and what motives compelled him to enter a war against Spain in 1739 AD.
The Fifth chapter, entitled ”The Impact of Opinion Robert Walpole Government and His Resignation (1721AD-1742AD)” The researcher presented the most important influential centers during Robert Walpole’s government, namely (theater - newspapers), and how the opposition used these centers for the opposition and how Robert confronted these centers and their impact on the cultural aspect in Britain During his ministerial term and his resignation.
The Sixth Chapter, entitled ”The Last Years in Robert Walpole’s Life (1742-1745 AD)”, in which the researcher highlighted the role of Robert Walpole after his resignation, especially since his resignation did not mean the end of his political role, but rather continued his status and authority, but indirectly, then the researcher tracked the impact Research personality and his posthumous works.
In the end, the conclusion was reviewed to present the findings of the research.
Among the most important findings of the researcher: He benefited from the increase in the lifespan of the parliamentary session by extending the term of his government, and learned to beware of antagonizing the High Church and the Tori Party, and also contributed to restoring public credit by surviving the negative effects of the South Sea bubble crisis in 1720 AD, and preventing the country from destabilizing The protection of Hanover rule and the European countries learned from the bubble to prevent any attempt to exchange shares for state debt.
The spatial isolation of the British Isles from Europe reflected the distance from getting involved in its political problems; It has become clear here in its modern history since the rule of the Tudor family, especially during the reign of both Henry VIII and Elizabeth, where its policy was to distance itself from the problems of the European continent, and there was great support in the English public opinion for it, and for the kings of the Tudor family in general; However, the advent of the Stuart family to power and its attempts to change the situation and its policy in opposition to the policy of the Tudor family, and its clash with Parliament, and finally its adoption of the strengthening of the Catholic doctrine in the country, and its collision with the English public opinion, which was rejecting these trends adopted by the Stuart family, led to the establishment of two major political parties in the country ; The first was the Whig party, which supports the majority of the people, and which maintains the Protestantism of the state and maintains the state’s policy of avoiding involvement in the problems of the European continent, and the strengthening of the country’s economies.
The second party is the Tori Party, which represents the minority in the country, and is pro-Catholic and involved in the problems of the European continent, and in particular, is pro-French policy, and this party is not very popular in the country.
Robert Walpole’s family was a major supporter of the Whig party and its policy, and the latter was a major supporter and active member of this party; where he embraced Protestantism (the Anglican sect) the national sect in the country and is the majority in it; He was also in support of the principles of this party politically, doctrinally and economically, such as maintaining the European balance by not uniting France and Spain, and disagreed with him in his preference for friendship with France over hostility, and avoiding conflict with Spain; He was also an opponent of the Tory Party and the Stewarts and a supporter of the Hanoverian dynasty in the country at the time.
Robert Walpole contributed to the emergence of the position of Prime Minister in Great Britain; His luck helped him more than his personal skills, including the assumption of the rule by the Kings of Hanover, and they did not participate in the ministerial sessions due to the poor knowledge of the language of the country; The prime minister became the one concerned with the affairs of the ministry, and the parliamentary amendment in 1716 AD extended the parliamentary session to seven years, and his government was also free of strong competitors. His formation of a cohesive and supportive ministry, which gave him strength, and on the other hand he took advantage of all the opportunities available to his advantage, such as the Atterbury plot in 1722 AD, to link the Tory Party with the Jacobins, and to link the rule of the Hanover dynasty with the Whig Party, and also succeeded in making a balanced link between the King and the House of Commons With the ministry, he recognized early on the importance of the House of Commons to staying in office for so long; His ministry has become a role model for the ministries of the eighteenth century AD in Britain.
He was a partisan and patriotic man, who endeavored with all in his power to implement his policy appropriate to the principles of his party, so he worked very diligently to achieve this. He strongly supported the Hanover Dynasty, and followed the policy of neutrality, in order not to get involved in any problems that might lead to him entering into a war that would affect the economies of his country, which he worked to strengthen with all his might, using all available methods, whether legal or illegal; This led to the spread of corruption in all its forms throughout the country, which disturbed public opinion, and all cultural centers were preoccupied with it, whether in the press, or in literature and theatre, fighting this corruption and pressing it hard until he submitted his resignation.
And anyway, Robert Walpole was the figure who reflected the politics of his country and the prevailing public opinion in it. It is isolationism, and distance from the problems of the continent, which may affect the economies of the country, and this isolationist policy is the direct result of the spatial isolationism of the British Isles, and this was repeated in our present world, when public opinion in this country decided to repeat the isolationism that voted against the European Union, and decided to leave from him completely, even though he was preserving his economic and financial independence by being regulated by him.
Robert Walpole was also criticized by cultural centers because of the long period of his rule and the desire to put others in the ministry, not because of corruption and low moral level, especially since the Belham government did not witness any activity to purge administrative corruption and did not witness laws aimed at administrative reform, as Robert Walpole fell and his methods remained, On the other hand, his desire was to make peace domestically and abroad and the economic prosperity of his country, Although corruption was an attribute attached to him, he preserved the country from the Jacobite danger, which many of Robert Walpole’s contemporaries believed exaggerated in embodying their danger to remain in power. Great Britain, which is waiting to be occupied by the search again