الفهرس 
1. INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The hydrolysis of urea by the broadly distributed enzyme urease is special in that it is unique of the little biologically occurring reactions that can create carbonate ion. When this hydrolysis occurs in a calcium-rich environment, calcite (calcium carbonate) lead to the precipitation of raw constituents (Meldrum (2003); Phillips et al., 2013). In environment, biomineralization is a communal existence leading to the founding of more than 60 diverse biological elements (Sarikaya, 1999) that exists as extracellular inorganic minerals (Dhami et al., 2013) or intracellular (Konishi et al., 2006; Yoshida et al., 2010). Extracellular mineralization creations (e.g., carbonate precipitation) from all varied types of living organisms are common and well recognized phenomena. Most crystals made through biomineralization contain inorganic minerals, but they may possibly contain trace constituents of organic compounds, which can regulate the biomineralization process.There are three different devices involved in the improvement of biominerals. The first: biologically controlled mineralization contains cellular activities that specifically through the improvement of minerals (Benzerara et al., 2011). Under definite circumstances the minerals are produced at a specific position within or on the cell. The second: Biologically influenced mineralization is the procedure by which passive mineral precipitation is caused by the presence of cell surface organic substance such as extracellular polymeric elements connected with biofilms. The third: Biologically induced mineralization that is the chemical alteration of an environment by biological activity that results in supersaturating and activity that results in the precipitation of minerals (Stocks-Fischer et al., 1999; De Muynck et al., 2010).